1

CHAPTER 6
WORK and KINETIC ENERGY
Work Done by a Constant Force

Work Done by a Variable Force

Work- Kinetic Energy Theorem

Center of Mass Work
2
The energy is one of the most important concept that helps us describe
many processes in the world around us.
Falling water releases stored gravitational potential energy turning
into a kinetic energy of motion. This mechanical energy can be used
to spin turbines and alternators doing work to generate electrical
energy.
Human beings transform the stored chemical energy of food into
various forms necessary for the maintenance of the functions of the
various organ system, tissues and cells in the body.
Burning gasoline in car engines converts chemical energy stored in
the atomic bonds of the constituent atoms of gasoline into heat that
then drives a piston of combustion engine.
Stretching or compressing a spring stores elastic potential energy that
can be released as kinetic energy.
The process of vision begins with stored atomic energy released as
electromagnetic radiation (light) that is detected by exciting atoms in the
eye.
In physics Work it is transfer energy by force.
3
WORK DONE BY CONSTANT FORCE
In physics Work it is transfer energy by force.
The Work is scalar value and can be positive negative and zero.
The work done by constant force is equals to the component force in the
direction of the displacement times the magnitude of the displacement.
Or another definition Work done by constant force is scalar (or dot)
product of force vector and displacement vector.
u A A A cos l F l F W = =

Assuming r is in x direction.
x F x F W
x
A = A = A u cos
4
The SI unit of work is the joule (J), which is equals
The product of Newton and meter.
1J = 1N*m

In the U.S. customary system, the unit of work is
foot-pound.
1ft*lb = 1.356J

Unit of work that use in nuclear and quantum physics.
is electron volt (eV).
1 eV = 1.62*10^-19J
For the multiple forces, that act on object we will have.
.....
3 3 2 2 1 1
x F x F x F W
total
A + A + A =
5
When force Fnet applied to object and object move under influence
of this force with acceleration a from A to B along the x axis.
The physical value K mv = 2
2
is scalar represented energy associated
with motion and call Kinetic Energy and
Work Kinetic Energy Theorem K
mv
mv
W
i
f
A = =
2 2
2
2
Completed work is equal change in kinetic energy of object
2 2 2
1
2 2
2
A B
v
v
v
v
B
A
AB
net
B
A
net AB
mv mv
mv dv v m dt v
dt
dv
m W
dt
dx
v
dt
dv
m ma F dx F W
B
A
B
A
= = = =
= = = =
} }
}
A
B
dl F l d F dW = = | cos

A B AB
K K W =
6
WORK IN SCALAR (or DOT) PRODUCT NOTATION
The work dW done by force F for displacement dl is.
dl F l d F dW = = | cos

}
=
2
1
l d F W

Definition of Work
| cos AB B A =

Definition for scalar or dot product of two vectors.
( ) ( )
z z y y x x z y x z y x
B A B A B A k B j B i B k A j A i A B A + + = + + + + =

( ) ( ) dz F dy F dx F k

dz j

dy i

dx k

F j

F i

F l d F dW
z y x z y x
+ + = + + + + = =

( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
v v m v v m
v v m
v v m
dv mv dv mv dv mv dz F dy F dx F W
z z
y y
x x
z z y y x x z y x

=
+ + = + + =
} } } } } }
7
( ) ( ) k B j B i B k A j A i A B A
z y x z y x

+ + + + =

( ) 0 2 cos

1 0 cos

= = = = t j i j i i i i i
z z y y x x
B A B A B A B A + + =

Component of vector in specific direction
of unit vector:
x z y x
A i k A j A i A i A = + + =

)

(

Same rules is applied to sum of vectors

x x x
C B A i C i B A C B A = + = + = +

) (

( )
dt
B d
A B
dt
A d
B A
dt
d

+ =
The rules for differentiating
Dot Product of Two Vectors
8
Negative work means
A the kinetic energy of the object increases.
B the applied force is variable.
C the applied force is perpendicular to the displacement.
D the applied force is opposite to the displacement.
E nothing; there is no such thing as negative work.
9
Two athletes numbers 1 and 2 run a race in beginning they have same
kinetic energy, but athlete #2 is running faster than the 1st. When athlete
#1 increase speed by 25 percent, he is running at the same speed as the
athlete #2. If mass athlete #1 is 85 kg, what is mass athlete #2?
2
2 2
2
1
2
1 1
2
1
v m v m =
Using the definition of kinetic energy
2
2
1
1 2
|
.
|

\
|
=
v
v
m m
Express the condition on speed that enables to run athlete #1 at the
same speed as the athlete #2:
v2 = 1.25v1
Substitute for v2 and simplify to obtain:
2
1
2
1
1
1 2
25 . 1
1
25 . 1
|
.
|

\
|
= |
.
|

\
|
= m
v
v
m m
( ) kg kg 54
25 . 1
1
85
2
2
=
|
.
|

\
|
= m
Conceptual problem:
10
Work Done by Variable Force
Straight Line Motion
Work Done by Variable Force Straight
Line Motion
}
=
2
1
x
x
x
dx F W
This is area under curve F versus x

=
i
i xi
x
x F lim W
i
A A
A 0
x F W
x
A A =
A
11
A 3.0-kg object moving along the x axis has a velocity of +2.0 m/s as
it passes through the origin. It is subjected to a single force,
that varies with position. How much work is done by
the force as the object moves from x = 0.0 m to x = 4.0 m? What is
the speed of the object when it is at x = 4.0 m?
( ) x k N F
x
= sin 3
m k 3 t =
The force and displacement are parallel, the work done is the area
under the curve.
( ) ( ) J kx
k
N
dx x k N dx F W
x
3 . 4 cos
3
sin 3
4
0
4
0
4
0
= = = =
} }
According to the work-kinetic energy theorem:
i f
K K W =
i f
K W K + =
s m v
m
W
v
mv
W
mv
i f
i
f
/ .6 2
2
2 2
2
2
2
= + =
+ =
What work is done by the force if object move 6m?
12
Work Done by Spring
Hookes Law
kx F
x
=
The force varies with x.
Work by spring force is.
|
|
.
|

\
|
= = =
} }
2 2
) (
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
x x
k dx kx dx F W
x
x
x
x
x
2 2
2
2
2 1
f
i
kx
kx
A A W = =
We can use geometry to calculate area
under the curve
2 2
2
2
f
i
kx
kx
W =
13
One end of a light spring (force constant k) is attached to the ceiling,
the other end is attached to an object of mass m. The spring initially
is vertical and unstressed. You then ease the object down to an
equilibrium position a distance h below its initial position. Next, you
repeat this experiment, but instead of easing the object down, you
release it, with the result that it falls a distance H below the initial
position before momentarily stopping. Find h and H.
Apply
y y
a m F

= to the object in its equilibrium position:

0
g s
= F F
kh F =
s
,
g
mg F =
0 = mg kh
k
mg
h=
Apply the work-kinetic energy theorem to the spring-object
system to obtain: K W
ext net,
=
or, because the object begins and ends at rest,
0
ext net,
= W
0
spring by gravity by
= +W W
h H 2 =
0
2
1
2
= kH mgH
k
mg
H =
2
1
14
g
F
A block with mass m is pulled up a slope with constant velocity.
Calculate the amount of work done by the force after the block has
moved to a height h.
u
u
sin
0 sin
mg F
mg F F F ma F
g x
=
=

= = =
This force acts over a distance d. The value of d is fixed by the angle
and the height h:
u sin =
d
h
The work done by the force on the block is given by
mgh
h
mg d F W
F
= = =
u
u
sin
sin
Notice that work by force on block das not
depend from angle and length of incline
and only function of height h.
15
The work done on the block by the gravitational force is given by
mgh mgd d F W
G G
= = = u sin
The work done on the crate by the normal force N is zero
since N is perpendicular to d.
We conclude that the total work done on the block is given by
0 0 = + =

= mgh mgh W W
total
g
F
16
A 6.0-kg block slides 1.5 m down a frictionless incline that makes an
angle of 60 with the horizontal. (a) Find the work done by each force
when the block slides 1.5 m (measured along the incline). (b) What is
the total work done on the block? (c) What is the speed of the block after
it has slid 1.5 m, if it starts from rest? (d) What is its speed after 1.5 m, if
it starts with an initial speed of 2.0 m/s?
The work done by
g
F

u cos
g g
g
s F s F W
F
= =

J 7 mgs W
g
F
6 30 cos = =

The work done by
n
F

| cos
n n
n
s F s F W
F
= =

= 90 |
0 W
F
=
n
(c) The total work done on the block is the sum of the work done by
J W W W
n g
F F tot
76 = + =
(a)
u
17
(c) Apply the work-kinetic energy theorem to the block to obtain:
i f

g
K K K W
F
= =
or, because vi = 0
f
g
K W
F
=
2
f 2
1
cos mv mgs = u
s m gs v / 5 cos 2
f
= = u
(d) If Ki = 0, equation (1) becomes:
(1)
2
i
2
f i f
2
1
2
1
g
mv mv K K W
F
= =
Solving for vf and simplifying yields:
s m v gs v / 4 . 5 cos 2
2
i f
= + = u
u
18
You have two icy slops.
Assume that the surfaces of objects 1 and 2 of same mass are frictionless.
Which object will have greater final speed 1 or 2?
h Fn
mg
1
( )
gh v
mgh
mv
mv
mv
W
mgh dy mg W
mgdy j dy i dx j mg dl g m dW
dl F l d F dW
W W W
f
f
i
f
total
h
g
g
n n n
g n total
2
2 2 2

0 ) 2 / cos(
2
2
2
0
=
= = =
=
}
=
= + = =
= = =
+ =

t
2
19
True or false:
(a) The scalar product cannot have units.
(b) If the scalar product of two nonzero vectors is zero, then they are
parallel.
(c) If the scalar product of two nonzero vectors is equal to the
product of their magnitudes, then the two vectors are parallel.
(d) As an object slides up an incline, the sign of the scalar product of
the force of gravity on it and its displacement is negative.


20
(a) False. Work is the scalar product of force and displacement.
(b) False. Because
, cosu AB B A =

where u is the angle between
if the scalar product of the vectors is zero, then u must be 90
(c) True. If the scalar product of the vectors is equal to the product
of their magnitudes, then u must be 0 and the vectors are parallel.
(d) True. Because the angle between the gravitational force and the
displacement of the object is greater than 90, its cosine is negative
21
A particle undergoes a displacement . During
this displacement a constant force acts on
the particle. Find (a) the work done by the force, and (b) the
component of the force in the direction of the displacement.
j N i N F

3 + =

j m i m l

2 =

N
l l
W
l
l F
F l F l F
F F l F l F
l l l
J m N m N W
l F l F l F W
y x
l l
l lF lF
y x
y y x x
6 . 2
cos cos
14 5 4 2 3
2 2
2 2
=
+
=

= =
= =
+ =
= =
+ = =




u u
Solution:
Problem
a)
b)
lF
u
22
Find the unit vector that is in the same direction as the
k j i A

0 . 1

0 . 1

0 . 2 =

Find the component of the vector

k j i A

0 . 1

0 . 1

0 . 2 =

in the direction of the vector

j i B

0 . 4

0 . 3 + =

By definition, the unit vector that is in the same direction as and:

A

( ) ( ) ( )
k j i
k j i
u
A

41 . 0

41 . 0

82 . 0
0 . 1 0 . 1 0 . 2

0 . 1

0 . 1

0 . 2

2 2 2
=
+ +

=
B
B
u A A
of direction
=

( ) 4 . 0

5
4

5
3

0 . 1

0 . 1

0 . 2
of direction
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ = j i k j i A
B

Conceptual problem;
A
A
u
A

=
( ) ( )
j i
j i
B
B
u
B

5
4

5
3
0 . 4 0 . 3

0 . 4

0 . 3

2 2
+ =
+
+
= =

23
POWER
In physics, the time rate at which a force does work is called
the Power P.
Or another definition, the Power P is work performed per unit time
by force.
dt
l d
v where dt v F l d F dW



= = =
dt
dW
P =
where
v F
dt
dW
P

= =
The SI unit of power is one joule per second (J/s) and called a watt (w).
Power define by formula
The modern pulsing lasers can output more than 1.0 GW of power. A
typical large modern electric generation plant typically produces 1.0 GW
of electrical power. Does this mean the laser outputs a huge amount of
energy? No, the power of laser may only last for a short time interval.
24
You lift a package vertically upward a distance L in time At. You
then lift a second package that has twice the mass of the first
package vertically upward the same distance while providing the
same power as required for the first package. How much time
does lifting the second package take?
L
25
Express the power you exert in lifting the package one meter
in At seconds:
t
W
t
W
P

1
1
1
1
= =
Express the power you develop in lifting a package of twice the mass
one meter in t seconds:
2
1
2
2
2

2
t
W
t
W
P = =
Because you exert the same power in lifting both packages:
2
1 1

2
t
W
t
W
=
t t 2
2
=
26
A object of mass m moves from rest at t = 0 under the influence
of a single constant force . Find the power delivered by
the force at any time t.

F

Express the rate at which this force does work

The velocity of the object, in terms of its acceleration
t a v

=
:
Using Newtons 2nd law, substitute for
a

t
m
F
t
m
F F
t
m
F
F P
2
=

= =

v F P

=
Substitute for v in equation (1) and simplify to obtain:
(1)
t
m
F
v

=
27
A 7.5-kg box is being lifted by a light rope that is threaded through a
single, light, frictionless pulley that is attached to the ceiling. (a) If
the box is being lifted at a constant speed of 2.0 m/s, what is the
power delivered by the person pulling on the rope? (b) If the box is
lifted, at constant acceleration, from rest on the floor to a height of
1.5 m above the floor in 0.42 s, what average power is delivered by
the person pulling on the rope?
(a) The power exerted by the person pulling on the rope is given by:
u cos Tv v T P = =

and are in the same direction,

Tv P =
y
ma F T =
g
Second Newtowns law ay = 0, because
0 = mg T
kW mgv P 15 . 0 = =
(b) The average power exerted by the person pulling the rope is given by:
t
y F
t
W
P

av
= =
( )
2
2
1
0
t a t v y
y y
+ =
28
or because the box starts from rest, ( )
2
2
1
t a y
y
=
( )
2

2
t
y
a
y
=
( )
2

2
t
y
m ma F
y
= =
t
y F
t
W
P

av
= =
( )
( )
( )
kW
t
y m
t
y
t
y
m
P 46 . 0

2
3
2
2
av
= = =
29
Let show that the power delivered by the net force acting on
a particle equals the rate at which the kinetic energy of the
particle is changing.
( )
dt
dK
v F P
mv
dt
d
v
dt
d m
P
v a
dt
v d
v v
dt
v d
v v
dt
d
v
dt
d
v a m v F P
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
= + = =
= =

2
) (
2
2
2
2
2
Rate at which kinetic energy change.
30
CENTER OF MASS WORK
In Chapter 5 we learn that for system of objects net force define
Center Mass Work Translation Kinetic Energy Relation
trans
K
Translation Kinetic Energy
trans cm net cm
trans cm
cm cm cm net
cm
i
net i net
K l d F W
dt
dK Mv
dt
d
v a M v F
Ma F F
A = =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
= =
}

2
1
2
2