Submitted to: Dr.

Hitesh Parmar Department of Business & Industrial Management (DBIM) Veer Narmad South Gujarat University
Submitted By: Pallavi Narang (1) Priyanka Patel (14) Kinjal Shyara (33) Anoop Vishnani (52)

Contents of Presentation
Introduction of Chi-Square () Test
Properties of Chi-Square () Test Chi-Square test- The theory

Conditions for the Application of Chi-Square () Test

Use of Chi-Square () Table Yates Correction for Continuity Applications of Chi-Square () Test Cautions while applying Chi-Square () Test

Introduction
Chi-square test
Karl Pearson introduced a test to

distinguish whether an observed set of frequencies differs from a specified frequency distribution.

Karl Pearson

The chi-square test uses frequency data to generate a

statistic

Cont..
Data Types
Data

Quantitative

Qualitative

Discrete

Continuous

Cont..
Hypothesis Tests- Qualitative Data Qualitative Data
1 pop. More than 2 pop.

Proportion 2 pop.

Independence

Z Test

Z Test

2 Test

2 Test

Introduction- Chi-Square Test

A fundamental problem is genetics is determining whether

the experimentally determined data fits the results expected from theory.
It answers the question of how well do experimental data

fit expectations.
It is a non-parametric test.

Properties of Chi-Square Test

Contionous Probabilty Distribution
Depend on Number of degrees of freedom v Mean of the distribution is given by the degrees of

freedom. As v gets larger, approaches the normal distribution with mean v and standard deviation Sum of independent variates is also a variate.

Chi-Square Test- The Theory

Its one of the simplest and most widely used Non-

parametric tests. The quantity describes the magnitude of discrepancy between theory and observation. Following is the formula of finding :

where, O= Observed frequency E= Expected or theoretical frequency

Conditions for the Application of test

Following 5 are the Conditions for Application of Test:
Experimental Data Sample Data Original Units 50 Observations Not Less Than 5

Use of Chi-Square Table

The chi-square distribution has been extensively tabulated.

The table of areas found in the Appendix gives value of for various probablities and various degrees of freedom. The values of is given in the coloumn headings, the degree of freedom v are given in the rows and the body of the table gives the values.

Chi-Square Table

Yates Correction for Continuity

In a 2x2 table, when expected frequencies are small, a

correction was proposed by F. Yates in the year 1934 called Yatess correction for continuity. The correction consists of :

Where |O-E| means the absolute difference, ignoring plus

and minus sign. Subtracting o.5 from the difference between O and E reduces the computed value of chisquare.

Problem with Yates Correction:

It might lead to excessive rejection of hypothesis.

It tends to overcompensate for this and might result in

excessive acceptance of null hypothesis.

Applications of Chi-Square Test

Test of Independence Test of Goodness of Fit

Sampling Distribution of Sample Variance

Confidence Interval for Variance Test of Hypothesis for Variance Test of Homogeneity

Sampling Distribution of Sample Variance

It is particularly important in problem where one is

concerned about the variability in a random sample.

Therefore,

Confidence interval for Variance

It is based on the Sampling distribution of

which follows Distribution with v=n-1.

A 100 (1-) percent Confidence is constructed by first

obtaining an interval about Therefore, It is given by:

Tests of Hypothesis concerning Variance

In testing hypothesis about the Variance of a normally

distributed population, the Null Hypothesis is where is some specified value of the Population Variance. We know that Where s is computed from a random sample of size n. When the computed value of lies in the Rejection region, we reject the null hypothesis or else we accept the Null hypothesis.

Test of Homogeneity
It is frequently of interest to accept the proposition that

several population are homogenous with respect to some characteristic interest. Another way of stating the problem is that we are interested in testing the null hypothesis that several population are homogenous with respect to the proposition of the subject falling into several categories.

Cautions while applying Test:

Small theoretical frequencies
Neglect of frequencies of non- occurrence Indeterminate theoretical frequencies

Incorrect or questionable categories

Use of non frequency data Failure to equalize the sum of observed frequencies

and the sum of the theoretical frequencies

THANK YOU