Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Purified Water
USP: . . .obtained by a suitable process Conductivity 1.3 S/cm @ 25 C Total Organic Carbon (TOC) 500 ppb Microbial 100 cfu/ml No endotoxin requirement
EP: . . .prepared by distillation, by ion exchange, by reverse osmosis or by any other suitable method JP: . . .purified by distillation, ion-exchange treatment, ultrafiltration or combination of these methods
latent heat and condensing as WFI Higher electrical demand, but lower steam demand
welding) Passivate interior surfaces to form barrier between water and free iron
Cold storage: Periodic heat-up & cool-down of storage tank time- and
energy-intensive Could expedite heat-up by dumping tank contents, but this is wasteful
Cost-effective when there are few ambient use points Main distribution loop is continuously hot, therefore self-sanitizing Can have locally adjustable use point temperatures Ambient point-of-use piping must be sanitized by flushing or pulsing HWFI through heat exchanger to drain Additional heat exchangers means increased capital (and maintenance) cost Some feel POU cooler piping is a dead leg, prone to microbial growth