TALL BUILDING ENGINEERING

ECS712

TWO INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL CENTRE HONG KONG

Prepared by: Mohd Azuan Tukiar Mohd Firdaus Barjumin

2010300175 2009954675

Prepared for: Prof. Ir. Dr. Hjh Siti Hawa Hamzah

Content of Presentation
Introduction to Two IFC Architecture Design Structural System Geology and Foundation System

Studies Undertaken to Assess the Structural Implication

Remarks

Introduction to Two IFC

1.

The 88 storey of building was completed in 2003 with height of 412m Currently was at 12th places of tallest building in the world according to the CTBUH Tall Building Database The International Finance Center forms part of Hong Kong station Development on the central reclamation Hong Kong The development comprises of 47 million sq ft of prime real estate comprises of:
2.8 million sq ft office 0.8 million of retail and 2 hotels that totally over 1,00 rooms altogether 140,000 sq ft of designed public opened space and amenities 1,800 car parking space

2.

3.

4.

Developers

Central Waterfront Properties 1. Sun Hung Kai Properties Ltd 2. Henderson Land Development Co Ltd 3. Bank of China Group Investment Ltd 4. Hong Kong & China Gas Co Ltd
1. Cesar Pelli & Assc. 2. Rocco Design Limited Ove Arup & Partners J. Roger Preston Ltd 1. E. Man 2. Sanfield Contractors 1. NKK Corporation 2. Sumimoto Corporation.

Architect

Structural & Geotechnique Consultant

M&E Consultant Main Contractor

Structural Steelwork Contractor

Architecture Design of Two IFC

To achieve a mix of high quality office, hotel and

retail expansion of Central Business District function as envisaged under Metropolitan framework.

To provide focal buildings which will compatible

with the other nearby planned development in the new reclamation area, and

To maintain high degree of inter visibility between

Victoria Harbor and the Central Business Districts landmark building in vicinity

Architecture Design of Two IFC

Master Layout Plan has planned to have 5 towers.

However, due to commercial and environmental aspect, it was decide to combine 2 office tower and Two International Finance Center conceived

Height further highlight with vertical fins on the external

faade which is gradually lightened in color as it mounts to its top. The simple fin gave an extra value in aesthetic. shades when looking at it at an oblique manner.
reduce the plan dimension to 39mx39m at roof level.

The color of building will appear to have varying

Towards to the top, a series of staggered step back

Structural System of Two IFC

Tall building must have stability against

overturning, uplift and/or sliding of the structure as a whole.

Strength of the structural components of the

building also required to be sufficient to withstand imposed loading without failure during the life of the structure.

Tall building also need to satisfied serviceability

criteria, where inter storey and overall deflections are expected within acceptable limits.

Structural System of Two IFC

The necessities of Two IFC design was to maximize

the views from the tower and to have flexibility office layout

Outrigger system was adopted in preferences to

other common tall building system.

This system contains three main elements which

are the

1. outrigger beam, 2. the core wall and 3. the exterior (external) columns.

Structural System of Two IFC

Structural System of Two IFC

Typical Floor Framing

Structural System of Two IFC

RC Core Wall
1. Dimension of 27mx29m at the base with perimeter

wall 1.5m and 1.25m thick

2. The core is constructing using conventional

reinforced concrete of grade 60 concrete

3. The use of core-wall system can be very effective

and efficient structural system used in reducing responses due to lateral load

Structural System of Two IFC

Maximum Wind Drift for Central Core with &

without Outriggers

Structural System of Two IFC

Outriggers System
1. Core is stabilized by three outriggers each three

storey high

2. Located at the mechanical and refuge floor zone

which is at R2/F to 33/F, R3/F to 55/F and to R4/F to 67/F

Structural System of Two IFC

Structural System of Two IFC

Punched concrete core wall type outriggers

provide insufficient stiffness for providing an opening of significant M&E access.

Therefore, it is necessary for steel truss to increase

the strength and stiffeners of perforated core.

Structural System of Two IFC

Steel truss with shear stud before embedded into

reinforced concrete core wall

Structural System of Two IFC

Belt Truss
1.

Belt truss are used to tie the peripheral column building while the outrigger engaged them with reinforced concrete core wall
Study showed that the use of outrigger and the belt truss has improved the serviceability of the structure

2.

Structural System of Two IFC

Four options are compared which
1. model without belt truss and outriggers (MT0),

2. model with one belt truss and outriggers (MT1),

3. model with double belt truss and outrigger (MT2) 4. model with triple belt truss with outriggers (MT3)

There is 34% reduction in deflection by the use of one outrigger at the effective level 41% and 51% drop is achieved by the use of two and three outrigger levels with respect to model without belt truss and outriggers

Structural System of Two IFC

Comparisons of various outrigger options

Structural System of Two IFC

Structural System of Two IFC

Secondary Column

300x300mm dimension of column

Support gravity load only

There are three zone of such column each

extending a maximum of 20 storey which are supported of transfer (belt) trusses at each of the outrigger level

Structural System of Two IFC

The loads from the secondary column are effectively collected by these trusses and transferred to the mega column At the higher level where the corners of the floor plate are stepped back, these columns are removed then the floor plates are cantilevered from the mega column

Considered for not having these columns throughout the building, however it will cause a significant cost impact due to additional weight of floor steel and expected the large cantilevered floor system

Structural System of Two IFC

Mega Column
8 mega-columns rising from the raft at the base of

the cofferdam up to the roof, supporting the external frame of the entire building at 24 meters center to center steel/concrete in which the steel elements are encased with reinforced concrete number of sub sections that could be lifted and connected with ease.

The mega column comprises of composite

The structural steel component was split into a

Structural System of Two IFC

Column Schedule

Structural System of Two IFC

Plinth for mega column

 Fixing steel bars (50 mm diameter bars at the base

section) around the stanchions of a mega-column before encasing it in concrete

Structural System of Two IFC

Floor System

1. Composite steel/concrete floor with125mm thick

slab acting compositely with the permanent decking supported at up to 3m intervals of variety steel beam size

2. The typical floor to floor height was 4.17m 3. The floor component is comprises of 460mm deep

steel secondary beam spanning 11.4m to 13.5m from the core to 900mm deep column, The beam sections were gradually reduced in size for higher levels

4. Primary girders spanning 24m between the mega

Structural System of Two IFC

1.

The inclusion of diagonal beam which conjunction with the primary girder on the main faces provided continuous tension ring around the floor plate thus enhanced robustness and provide direct buckling restraint to the column The 24m primary girder comprised of asymmetric fabricated section was structurally continuous with the mega column The weight of floor beam steel is 36kg/m2 based on the gross constructed floor area

2.

3.

 24 m edge beam spanning between the mega-

columns at the lower section of the tower

Geology and Foundation System

The foundation of the high rise development in

Hong Kong has traditionally been piles or caisson bearing on the un-weathered rock normally at depth of up to 40m or 50m

With the extension of land reclamation into the

harbor the depth to rock has generally increased up to 70 to 80m

Geology and Foundation System

Grade 3 granite with permissible bearing capacity of

5Mpa was found approximately 35meters below ground level.

Above of this are layers of decomposed granite and

alluvium and over the top 20 meters were layers of fill that have been reclaimed for three years earlier.

Initially, the foundation was decided to have 72nos

of end bearing bored piled with 3meter in diameter and cofferdam was also required to enable pile cape constructed at 30m below ground level.

Geology and Foundation System

With reasonably constant rock head level as

determined in site investigation, it was proposed raft foundation to be cast bearing directly on rock, thus omitting the need for bored piled

Rock level to the south west of the tower base

appeared with a maximum depth of rock up to -50 mPD, which was too deep for normal open excavation

Geology and Foundation System

To overcome the problem, mixed foundation

solution was adopted

In location where to have maximum depth up to -

50PD, barrettes (rectangular-section piles) were installed to provide support to the building raft.

The whole excavation process was carried out

down to the formation level at -32 mPD. Including the treatment to the localized bedrock, the work took about 16 months to complete.

Studies Undertaken to Assess the Structural Implication

Lateral Response of Building
Impact of Aircraft component on the key

element of Structure

Vaporization of key element of the Structure

 Lateral Response of Building

Wind tunnel performed by Roman William Davies & Irwin

Inc (RWDI) and Cermak Pterka Peterson (CPP) base bending moment and base shear were 19,000MNm & 128MN respectively

Resulting from the study showed global characteristic

Lateral acceleration were predict & compared against

NBCC, ISO and Davenport Criteria for occupancy comfort and it found that acceleration deemed acceptable w/o need any supplementary damping.

Lateral deflection under wind loading were H/450 in

orthogonal direction & H/380 in the diagonal where H is height of the building above pile cap

 Impact of Aircraft component on the key element of

Structure

Analytical study undertaken by Arp Extreme Event

Mitigation Task Force

Investigated the performance of range of typical

column in high rise structure when subject to the impact from an aircraft engine travelling at speed dimension of 3m x 1.8m RC encased composite column housing 604kg/m steel section performed well by exhibiting only limited concrete crushing and plastic straining of steel section

Engine speed of 200mph(89.4m/s) and using column

Finding- the composite mega column of Two IFC

 Vaporization of key element of the Structure

Study in the event where that such element are

removed

Finding: Tower remain stable despite the column being

removed

Tower experienced a gravity load path re-

distribution

Increase gravity load in the outrigger is resisted

by RC core which has demonstrate adequately redistribute these gravity load

Remarks
Two IFC used of outriggers system as their

structural form

3 main elements of outriggers system which is

core wall, outrigger beam, mega column

Core wall dimension of 27mx29m at the base with

perimeter wall 1.5m and 1.25m thick construct using RC Grade 60.

Outrigger beam each three storey high located at

the mechanical and refuge floor zone which is at R2/F to 33/F, R3/F to 55/F and to R4/F to 67/F

Remarks
8 mega-columns supporting the external frame of the

entire building at 24 meters center to center comprises of composite steel/concrete in which the steel elements are encased with reinforced concrete with varies grade concrete

For foundation system, mixed foundation solution

was adopted. In location where to have maximum depth up to -50PD, barrettes (rectangular-section piles) were installed to provide support to the building raft.

Q&A