GSM Fundamentals

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

Chapter 1 GSM System Overview
Chapter 2 Features of GSM
Chapter 3 GSM Network Structure
Chapter 4 Service Area and Number Planning
Chapter 5 Handover and Frequency hopping
Chapter 6 Location Update
Chapter 7 Propagation Mechanisms
Chapter 8 GPRS & EDGE Introduction

GSM system overview


GSM system overview


GSM system overview
CELLULAR TELEPHONY


GSM History and Overview

Cell Definitions
Macro Cell and Micro Cell

Multiple Access Technique

 FDD-TDMA

FDMA
Frequency 
 ，
Time

TDMA
Frequency 
Time

CDMA
Frequency 
Time

Frequency Spectrum
GSM 900


Frequency Spectrum
Extended GSM(EGSM)


Frequency Spectrum
DCS 1800

Frequency Spectrum


Features of GSM
INCREASED CAPACITY


Features of GSM
AUDIO QUALITY

USE OF STANDARDISED OPEN INTERFACES



Features of GSM
IMPROVED SECURITY AND CONFIDENTIALITY


Features of GSM
CLEANER HANDOVERS

SUBSCRIBER IDENTIFICATION


Features of GSM
ENHANCED RANGE OF SERVICES


Features of GSM
FREQUENCY REUSE


Frequency Reuse

Cell Types


GSM-GPRS Network Component
SS7

Interface Between Different Entities
SS7

Mobile Station—MS


Mobile Station—MS
CLASS POWER OUTPUT

1 20W
2 8W
3 5W
4 2W
5 0.8W

Base Station Subsystem-BSS
 The Base Station Controller –
BSC
 The Base Transceiver Station –
BTS
 The Trans-coder – TC and Sub
multiplexer (SM)

Base Station Subsystem-BSS

Transcoder (XCDR) or Remote transcoder (RXCDR) .

Base Station Controller (BSC).
Base Transceiver Stations (BTSs) assigned to the BSC.

Transcoder


Transcoder
BSC
Transcoded information from four calls
0 1 2 16 31

Base Station Controller-BSC

Controls the BTS components.-

Performs Call Processing.
Performs Operations and Maintenance (O & M).
Provides the O & M link (OML) between the BSS and the OMC.
Provides the A Interface between the BSS and the MSC.
Manages the radio channels.
Transfers signaling information to and from MSs.

Base Tran receiver Station-BTS

BTS Connectivity

Packet Control Unit - PCU
 Packet data switching
 Bridge between SGSN
and BSC
 Provide Pb and Gb
interface

Network Switching System
Mobile-service Switching Center – MSC

Home Location Register – HLR
Visitor Location Register – VLR
Equipment Identity Register – EIR
Authentication Center – AUC
Echo Cancellor – EC

Mobile-service Switching Center - MSC


Home Location Register - HLR

Subscribers ID (IMSI and MSISDN )

Current subscriber VLR.
Supplementary services subscribed to.
Supplementary services information (eg. Current forwarding address ).
Authentication key and AUC functionality.
TMSI and MSRN

Visitor Location Register -VLR

Mobile status ( Busy / Free / No answer etc. )

Location Area Identity ( LAI )
Temporary Mobile Subscribers Identity ( TMSI )
Mobile Station Roaming Number ( MSRN )


Authentication Centre - AUC


Equipment Identity Register - EIR
 White List: All Valid

assigned ID’s
 Black List: Service
allowed but noted
 Grey List: Service
denied

Operation and maintenance Centre for Radio – OMC-R

OMC Functional Architecture

Different
Interfaces
in
GSM

Terrestrial Interface
2 Mb/s
Signaling System (C7 or SS7)
Packet Switched Data
Abis using the LAPD protocol (Link Access Procedure D )

Interface Names

NAME INTERFACE

2 Mbits/s Trunk 30-Channel PCM



Service Area
......
cell cell

LAI
The LAI is the international code for a location area
MCC: Mobile Country Code ， It consists of 3 digits .

For example: The MCC of China is "460"
MNC: Mobile Network Code ， It consists of 2 digits .
For example: The MNC of China Mobile is "00"
LAC: Location Area Code ， It is a two bytes hex code.
The value 0000 and FFFF is invalid.
For example: 460-00-0011

CGI
The CGI is a unique international identification for a cell

The format is LAI+CI
LAI: Location Area Identification
CI: Cell Identity. This code uses two bytes hex code to identify
the cells within an LAI.
For example : 460-00-0011-0001

BSIC
（
NCC: PLMN network color code. It comprises 3 bit. It

allows various neighboring PLMNs to be
distinguished.
BCC: BTS color code. It comprises 3 bit, used to
distinguish different cells assigned the same
frequency!

MSISDN
CC: Country Code. For example: The CC of China is "86".

NDC: National Destination Code. For example: The NDC of China
Telecom is 139, 138, 137, 136, 135.
SN: Subscriber Number. Format:H0 H1 H2 H3 ABCD
Example: 86-139-0666-1234

IMSI
，
。
，
。

TMSI
TMSI: Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identification)
 The TMSI is assigned only after successful subscriber

authentication.
 The VLR controls the allocation of new TMSI numbers and
notifies them to the HLR.
 TMSI is used to ensure that the identity of the mobile subscriber
on the air interface is kept secret.
 The TMSI consists of 4 bytes( 8 HEX numbers) and determined by
the operator.

IMEI
IMEI: International Mobile Station Equipment Identification
TAC


Handover


Handover


Handover
MS END
Serving cell downlink quality (bit error rate (BER) estimate.
Serving cell downlink received signal level, and six best neighbor
cells downlink received signal level.


Handover
BTS END

Handover Types
BSC
Call is handed
BTS from timeslot 3 to timeslot 5

Intra-BSC Handover
BSC1
BTS1
Call is handed from timeslot 3
of cell1 to timeslot 1 of cell2 .
Both the cells are controlled
by the same BSC.
 .

Inter-BSC Handover
BSC1
BTS1
Call is handed from timeslot
MSC
of cell1 to timeslot 1 of cell2
by the different BSC.
BSC2
BTS2


Inter-MSC Handover
MSC1 BSS1
BTS1
Call is handed from timeslot 3

of cell1 to timeslot 1 of cell2 .
by the different BSC, each BSC
being controlled by different MSC
MSC2 BSS2
BTS2


Frequency Hopping
M
OT
O
R
OL
A

Introduction to Frequency Hopping

Introduction to Frequency Hopping


Increased immunity to Fading


Increased immunity to Fading

Types of Hopping
Base Band Hopping (BBH)


Types of Hopping
Synthesiser Frequency Hopping (SFH)



Location Update

3 digits 1-2 digits Max 16 bits
MCC MNC LAC
 MCC
 MNC
 LAC

Location Update Types
 Normal location update

 Periodic location update
 IMSI attach
Normal Location Update

IMSI Attach

Periodic Location Update




Propagation Mechanisms
Reflection

 λ

Diffraction (Shadowing)
 λ

Scattering
 λ


Multipath


Multipath
Multipath Propagation

Multipath causes three major things



What is Fading?

Large scale fading component
Small scale fading

component

Rayleigh fading


Ricean fading


Diversity


Need of Diversity


Kind of Diversity


Interference

Effects of Interference

Source of Interference


TYPES OF INTERFERENCE

Co-channel interference
Adjacent channel interference
Co-Channel Interference


Adjacent-Channel Interference


General packet radio service-GPRS






Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution
Characteristics




GSM Development Evolution
2Mbps
IMT-2000
384kbps
EDGE
115 kbps
57.6 kbps GPRS
9.6 kbps HSCSD
GSM



GSM Fundamentals

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USE OF STANDARDISED OPEN INTERFACES

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CLASS POWER OUTPUT

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 The Base Station Controller –

 The Base Transceiver Station –

 The Trans-coder – TC and Sub

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Transcoder (XCDR) or Remote transcoder (RXCDR) .

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Transcoded information from four calls

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Controls the BTS components.-

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 Packet data switching

 Bridge between SGSN

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Mobile-service Switching Center – MSC

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Subscribers ID (IMSI and MSISDN )

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Mobile status ( Busy / Free / No answer etc. )

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 White List: All Valid

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Signaling System (C7 or SS7)