2 STRESS ANALYSIS

2.1 stress state of a point

2.1.1 I nternal forces and external forces
Questions:
What is stress?
What is the cause of stress?
How many stress components need we know to specify
the unique state of a stressed point in a continuous body?
2.1.2 Contact force and body force
2.1.3 Stress at a point in a continuous body is in equilibrium
Stress at a point in the considered plane can be defined as
A
F
A
o
o
o
o 0
lim

=
Note: 1) Residual stress are not considered in this course;
2) Stress at a point varies with the plane it acts upon. Therefore,
whenever we refer to a stress, we must specify the plane.
2 STRESS ANALYSIS
The stress state of the point depends on the stresses on
all the surfaces of arbitrarily selected polyhedron surrounding the point.
When the volume of the polyhedron is contracted around the point,
stress on each face of the polyhedron will approach a constant value. In
the most commonly used Cartesian system, hexahedron can be used.
The total number of stress components on six faces is 6 3 =18.
But what is the least number of independent stress components?
2.1.5 Stress state as represented by a stress tensor
2.1.4 Resolution of stress into normal stress and shear stress
Stress can be conveniently resolved into
normal stress and shear stress o and t
A
F
t
A
o
o
t
o 0
lim

=
A
F
n
A
o
o
o
o 0
lim

=
Stress state* - The overall stress situation
Question:
How many independent stress components do we need to
describe a stress state at a point?
Reasoning:
2 STRESS ANALYSIS
Z
X
Y
o
o
y
o
z
o
x
t
xy
t
yx
t
xz
t
zx
t
yz
t
zy
t
xz
designating the direction
of the normal to the the
plane on which the stress
acts.
Indicating the direction
of the stress component
A double subscript notation
is often used to define each
stress component
For simplicity, it is customary
to delete the second subscript
for normal stress component
P
2 STRESS ANALYSIS
For each stress component in a positive surface, there should be a
stress component in a corresponding opposite surface with the same
magnitude but in the opposite direction.
From couple equilibrium ( the components of the stresses are
balanced ), we may find that
t
xy
= t
yx;
t
yz
= t
zy;
t
zx
= t
xz
Or o
ij
= o
ji
for short
The nine components, of which 6 are independent, make up a new
physical quantity defining the stress state at a point ( if we know this
set of stress components, we will be sure to find the stress acting on any
plane passing through the point by force equilibrium). This quantity is
called stress tensor and can be written in the form as shown below:
2 STRESS ANALYSIS
Sometimes. it is more convenient to employ other
coordinates systems, such as cylindrical and spherical polar
coordinate systems, to specify the stress components at a point.
In those cases, the subscripts may change accordingly, but the
number of independent stress components remain the same.
In general, the stress state of a point can be specified by a
group of components acting on any three mutually orthogonal
surfaces intersecting at the point.
Why?
(
(
(

=
z zy zx
yz y yx
xz xy x
ij
o t t
t o t
t t o
o
where o
ij
is the short form for the
tensor while i and j are iterated
over x, y and z respectively.
Why?
2 STRESS ANALYSIS
Question: If given the stress tensor of a point (o
ij ,
which is
composed of 9 components), are we able to find
the stress at the same point but on a oblique plane
arbitrarily inclined to the three Cartesian axes? If
so, how do we do it? With this question in mind,
we come to the following section.
Question:
Will the stress state of a point vary with the
change of coordinate system?
Will the value of each stress component of a
stress tensor vary with the change of
coordinate system?
2 STRESS ANALYSIS
S

2.2 Stress on a oblique plane
o
z
A
C
B
O
Z
Y
X
o
o
y
o
x
S
z
t
yx
t
xz
t
zx
t
zy
t
xy
t
yz
S
y
S
x
N(l,m,n)
Given a stress state o
ij
of
a point O, the related
stress components are
shown in the figure. Let
the area of the oblique
plane ABC be unity, then
area OBC=l; OAC=m
OAB=n
where l, m and n are the
direction cosines of the
normal to the oblique
plane. The resultant stress
on the oblique plane is
denoted S which can be
resolved into Sx, Sy and Sz
respectively in OX, OY
a n d OZ d i r e c t i o n s .
2 STRESS ANALYSIS
Since the tetrahedron is in equilibrium, the resultant force in all the
three coordinates direction should be zero,

The resultant stress S can be resolved into normal stress Sn and
shear stress Ss . Resolving forces normal to the oblique plane produces
0
0
0
=
=
=
n m l S
n m l S
n m l S
z yz xz z
zy y xy y
zx yx x x
o t t
t o t
t t o
2.1
n S m S l S S
z y x n
+ + = 2.3
Substituting for Sx, Sy and Sz from equation (2.1) gives normal stress
) ( 2
2 2 2
nl mn lm n m l S
zx yz xy z y x n
t t t o o o + + + + + =
2.4
( )
2 2 2
z y x
S S S S + + = The resultant stress:
2.2
2 STRESS ANALYSIS
The shear stress Ss can be determined by
( )
2
2
n s
S S S =
Homework:
2
3
1
2
2
1
According to the stressed element in the
figure ,
1) write down the values of each stress
component ;
2) write down the stress state of the stressed
element in tensor format and
3) determine the normal stress and shear
stress in a plane with its normal in equal
angle to the three coordinate axes.
Z
Y
X
o
2 STRESS ANALYSIS
2.3 Principal stresses
If the direction of the vector S and Sn coincide, then the shear stress
on the oblique plane is zero. The oblique plane is then a principal plane,
Sn is then the principal stress o and its direction is a principal direction.
Hence,

If these values are substituted into equation (2.1), we then have
n S
m S
l S
z
y
x
o
o
o
=
=
=
2.5
0 ) (
0 ) (
0 ) (
= + + + + =
= + + + + =
= + + + + =
n m l n m l S
n m l n m l S
n m l n m l S
z yz xz z yz xz z
zy y xy zy y xy y
zx yx x zx yx x x
o o t t o t t
t o o t t o t
t t o o t t o
2.6
2 STRESS ANALYSIS
Equations (2.6) are consistent in l, m and n . To find nontrival
solution for l, m and n , the determinant of the coefficients must
vanish, resulting in
0 =

o o t t
t o o t
t t o o
z zy zx
yz y yx
xz xy x
2.7
This determinant can be expanded as
where
0
3 2
2
1
3
= J J J o o o
2.8
) ( 2
) (
2 2 2
3
2 2 2
2
1
xy z zx y yz x zx yz xy z y x
zx yz xy x z z y y x
z y x
J
J
J
t o t o t o t t t o o o
t t t o o o o o o
o o o
+ + + =
+ + + + + =
+ + =
2.9
2 STRESS ANALYSIS
The cubic equation (2.8) has three real roots which will be designated o
1
,
o
2
, and o
3
, respectively. Once the principal stresses are known, we may
put them back in equation (2.6), with the constraint condition
we are able to find the solution for l, m and n for each principal stress.
1
2 2 2
= + + n m l
2.10
J1, J2, J3 are called invariants of the stress tensor because J1, J2, J3
are independent of the orientation of the axes. Those coefficients are
known as the first, second and third invariants of the stress tensor.
Although stress components change with the coordinate system, J1, J2,
J3 remain constants. They are related to the metal properties closely.
2 STRESS ANALYSIS
Some typical stress states
Spherical state
o

o

o

Cylindrical state
o
3
=o
2

o
2
o
1
o
1
Uniaxial tension
Triaxial state
o
1
o
3
o
2
o
3
o
2
Plane stress
t
xy
t
xy
Pure shear
2 STRESS ANALYSIS
2.4 Principal shear stress
Similar to principal stress, for any given stress state, we can always
find three principal shear stresses by finding the extremum values of
shear stress with respect to direction cosines. The orientations of
principal shear stress planes and the values of the principal shear stress in
terms of principal stresses are give in the figure bellow.
o
1
o
3
o
2
2
2 1
12
o o
t

=
2
3 2
23
o o
t

=
2
1 3
31
o o
t

=
2 STRESS ANALYSIS
2.5 Equilibrium equations
X
Y
t
xy t
xz
t
zx
t
zy
P
Z
P
dx
x
x
x
c
c
+
o
o
dx
x
xz
xz
c
c
+
t
t
dz
z
z
z
c
c
+
o
o
dy
y
y
y
c
c
+
o
o
dx
x
xy
xy
c
c
+
t
t
dy
y
yz
yz
c
c
+
t
t
dy
y
yx
yx
c
c
+
t
t
dz
z
zx
zx
c
c
+
t
t
dz
z
zy
zy
c
c
+
t
t
o
x
o
y
o
z
t
yz
t
yx
dy
dz
dx
2 STRESS ANALYSIS
The element is in equilibrium. Resolving forces in OX direction gives
0 =
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+ +
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
dxdy dxdy dz
z
dxdz
dxdz dy
y
dydz dydz dx
x
zx
zx
zx yx
yx
yx x
x
x
t
t
t t
t
t o
o
o
After simplifying and dividing by dxdydz : 0 =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
z y x
zx
yx
x
t
t
o
If the forces are resolved in the OY
and OZ direction, the following
equations are obtained. It is called
equilibrium equations.
0
0
0
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
z y x
z y x
z y x
z
yz
xz
zy y xy
zx
yx
x
o
t
t
t o t
t
t
o
2.11
2 STRESS ANALYSIS
2.6 Spherical and deviator stress tensors
In general, the deformation due to the stress state consists of two
components: a) a volumetric or hydrostatic component, and b) a
distortional component which produce a change in geometry of the
body. The corresponding stress tensor are called spherical stress
tensor and deviator stress tensor.
(
(
(

+
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

'
'
'
0 0
0 0
0 0
z zy zx
yz y yx
xz xy x
m
m
m
z zy zx
yz y yx
xz xy x
o t t
t o t
t t o
o
o
o
o t t
t o t
t t o
Where o
m
=(o
x
+o
y
+o
z
) / 3 is average stress, o
ij
is the Kronecker delta.
'
ij m ij ij
o o o o + = or
2.12
2 STRESS ANALYSIS
It is now evident that the deviator stress is composed only of the deviator
stress components, o
x
= o
x
-o
m
, o
y
= o
y
-o
m
and o
z
= o
z
-o
m
and the
shear stress components t
yx
, t
yx
and t
yx
. Spherical stress tensor
produces only volumetric change while deviator stress tensor produces
only change in geometry.
We can see that spherical stress tensor is in effect a special hydrostatic
pressure state.
Exercise:
Calculate the spherical
stress components and the
deviator stress components
in uniaxial compression
and equibiaxial stretching.
Uniaxial
compression
Equibiaxial
stretching
o

o

o

2 STRESS ANALYSIS
2.7 Representative or equivalent(effective) stress
Another important invariant of the state of stress is known as
Representative or equivalent(effective) stress which is defined by
Exercise:
1) Calculate the equivalent stress of a
uniaxial stressed state.
2) Calculate the shear stress and normal
stress in a octahedral plane with its
tensor (u, v, w)
o
1
| |
| |
2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
) ( ) ( ) (
2
1
) ( 6 ) ( ) ( ) (
2
1
o o o o o o
t t t o o o o o o o
+ + =
+ + + + + =
zx yz xy x z z y y x
2.13
Important: the equivalent stress of a uniaxial stress state (o
1
= 0,

o
2
= o
3

=0

) is equal to the non vanishing principal stress(o
1
).
2 STRESS ANALYSIS
2.8 Mohrs circle for Stress transformation
o
1'1'
AB o
1'2
=o
12
OA+o
22
OB
where o
1 '2
: the cosine angle between 1 ' and
2 axis
o
1'1'
o
1'2
=o
12
o
1'1
+o
22
o
1'2
(1)
o
1'1'
AB o
1'1
=o
11
OA+o
21
OB
o
1'1'
o
1'1
=o
11
o
1'1
+o
21
o
1'2
(2)
and
(1) o
1'2
+(2) o
1'1
, since
o
1'1

2
+o
1'2
2
=1,
o
1'1'
=o
1'1
o
1'1
o
11
+o
1'1
o
1'2
o
12
+o
1'2
o
1'1
o
21
+o
1'2
o
1'2
o
22
then
A
B
O
2
1
o
11
o
12
1'
o
22
o
21
o
1'1'
= ?
u

2'
Lets first see simple stress transformation between two
axes system:121' 2 ', with u,
From the balance of the force,
2 STRESS ANALYSIS
Express o
1'1'
as
Generally in three axes system, o
m n
=EEo
mi
o
nj
o
ij
Using above equation, we can now perform any stress
transformation between two axis system,
For example, x,y,zx', y', z', u
o
x' y'
= o
x'i
o
y'j
o
ij
= o
x'x
o
y'x
o
xx
+o
x'x
o
y'y
o
xy
+o
x'x
o
y'z
o
xz
+o
x'y
o
y'x
o
yx
+
o
x'y
o
y'y
o
yy
+o
x'y
o
y'z
o
yz
+o
x'z
o
y'x
o
zx
+o
x'z
o
y'y
o
zy
+o
x'z
o
y'z
o
zz
=o
x'x
o
y'x
o
x
+o
x'y
o
y'y
o
y
+o
x'z
o
y'z
o
z
+(o
x'x
o
y'y
+o
x'y
o
y'x
) t
xy
+(o
x'x

o
y'z
+o
x'z
o
y'x
) t
xz
+(o
x'y
o
y'z
+o
x'z
o
y'y
) t
zy

o
x' x'
= o
x'x
o
x'x
o
xx
+o
x'x
o
x'y
o
xy
+o
x'x
o
x'z
o
xz
+o
x'y
o
x'x
o
yx
+o
x'y
o
x'y
o
yy
+
o
x'y
o
x'z
o
yz
+o
x'z
o
x'x
o
zx
+o
x'z
o
x'y
o
zy
+o
x'z
o
x'z
o
zz
=o
x'x

2
o
x
+o
x'y
2
o
y
+o
x'z

2
o
z
+2o
x'x
o
x'y
t
xy
+2o
x'x
o
x'z
t
xz
+2o
x'y
o
x'z
t
yz



o
1'1'
= Eo
1'i
o
1'j
o
ij
2.8 Mohrs circle for Stress transformation
2 STRESS ANALYSIS
Mohrs circles
Use the stress transformation equations, associated
with the rotation angle between two axes,
o
1' 1'
= o
1'i
o
1'j
o
ij
= o
1'1
o
1'1
o
11
+o
1'1
o
1'2
o
12
+o
1'2
o
1'1
o
21
+o
1'2
o
1'2
o
22
=cos
2
u o
11
+sin
2
u o
22
+2sinucosu o
12
=(1+cos2u)/2o
11
+(1-cos2u)/2o
22
+sin2u o
12
=(o
11
+o
22
)/2+(o
11
-o
22
)/2cos2u + o
12
sin2u
o
2' 2'
= o
2'i
o
2'j
o
ij
=(o
11
+o
22
)/2-(o
11
-o
22
)/2cos2u + o
12
sin2u

If the plane the stress which acts normally rotates an
angle u , the line 11-22 will rotate an angle 2 u to
1'1'-2'2'
o
1'1' o
2'

2'
o
11
, t
12

2u

o
22
,t
21

o
1
o

t
o
2
u

2 STRESS ANALYSIS
( )
2 / 1 2 2
2 1
} ] 2 / ) {[( 2 /
xy y x
t o o o o + =
( )
u t
u o o o o o
2 sin
] 2 cos ) )[( 2 / 1 ( 2 /
2 , 1
xy
y x y x
+
+ =
Mohrs circle
A Mohrs circle diagram is a graphic
representation of the above equations. It
form a circle of the radium (o
1
- o
2
) with
the center at (o
1
+ o
2
). The equation
describing the angle follows
( )
y x xy
o o t u = / 2 2 tan
Stress transformation from x,y to 1,2,
which principal stress acts.
2 STRESS ANALYSIS
2
2 1
2
2
2 1
2
1 3
2
2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2
3 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
|
.
|

\
|

= +
|
.
|

\
|
+

|
.
|

\
|

= +
|
.
|

\
|
+

|
.
|

\
|

= +
|
.
|

\
|
+

o o
t
o o
o
o o
t
o o
o
o o
t
o o
o
2.19
o

t
o
1
o
3
o
2
o
)
2
(
2 1
o o +
)
2
(
1 3
o o +
)
2
(
3 2
o o +
The above equations
represent three circles as
shown in the figure.
They are called Mohr
circle. Mohr circles are
useful tools in stress
analysis
2 STRESS ANALYSIS
2) When the oblique plane rotates from one principal plane to the other
with its normal perpendicular to the direction of the third principal
stress, the o-t stress pair
on that plane will move
along the corresponding
circle.
o

t
o
1
o
3
o
2
o
)
2
(
1 3
o o
Important points:
1) The radius of the circles are the principal shear stresses.
3) The corresponding
angle in Mohr circle is
twice those in physical
plane.
2o
o
o
3
o
1
o

t
2 STRESS ANALYSIS
The conventions for constructing Mohr circles is the same as in the
course of Materials Strength:
o
o
x
o
y
t
xy

t
yx

o

o
1
o
2
2o
o
y,
t
yx
o
x ,
t
xy
Exercise:
Find the direction of the
principal stresses according
the Mohr circles.
To make a complete view of a
stress state of a point, two
additional circles have to be
added. This should be born in
mind when giving a Mohr circle
representation of a stress state.
t
2 STRESS ANALYSIS
You may wonder how the stresses on a arbitrary plane should look
like in a Mohr circle representation. When o
1
>= o
2
>= o
3
, from
equation 2.18, we find
0 ) )( (
0 ) )( (
0 ) )( (
2 3 1 3
2
1 2 3 2
2
3 1 2 1
2
>
s
>
o o o o
o o o o
o o o o
n
m
l
This means that the point
representing the stress pair
in the plane should be
located inside the largest
circle and outside the two
smaller circles.
t
o

o
2 STRESS ANALYSIS
Exercises:

Give a full Mohr circle representation of the following stress state of a
stressed element.
1) Uniaxial tension;
2) Pure shear
2 STRESS ANALYSIS
2) The extent of plastic deformation is profoundly influenced by stress
state. When the stress in a spherical state of stress is compressive,
the stress state is commonly referred to as hydrostatic pressure .
Hydrostatic pressure is beneficial to plastic deformation.
Important points:
1) Plastic deformation in macro scale is dislocation movement in micro
scale and is caused by shear stress. Normal stress alone can not
produce plastic deformation.
3) For any stress state, we can always find three principal stresses and at
least three principal directions.
Note:
Hydrostatic pressure does not cause plastic deformation, but it
may help improve formability.
2 STRESS ANALYSIS
Plane stress component with
x
=50 kg/cm2
y
=10 kg/cm2

xy
=40kg/cm2 , as shown in the figure. Try to answer the following
questions by using the methods of (a) force balance and (b) Mohrs
circle

(1)When =30,
the normal stress
n

and the shear stress ?

(2)The maximum shear
Stress,
max
and

(3)12




10 (kg/cm
2
)
50 (kg/cm
2
)
10 (kg/cm
2
)
50(kg/cm
2
)
40 (kg/cm
2
)
x
y
30
Homework