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Concept of Curriculum
It is dynamic as the changes that occurs in society. Narrow sense, curriculum is viewed merely as a listing of subjects to be taught in school. Broad sense, It refers to the total learning experiences of individuals not only in schools but in society as well.
PCSPE Philippine Commission to Survey Philippine Education SOUTELE Survey of the Outcomes of Elementary Education PCER Philippine Commission for Educational Reforms
These are Philippine educational initiatives focused on curricular renewal or reforms
NCBTS National Competency Based Teacher Standards, became the anchor of reforms in education from basic to higher education.
These definitions are influenced by modes of thoughts, pedagogies, political as well as cultural experiences.
pedagogy (pd-gj, -gj)n.1. The art or profession of teaching. 2. Preparatory training or instruction. [French pdagogie, from Old French, from Greek paidaggi, from paidaggos, slave who took children to and from school; see pedagogue.]
Phenix believe, curriculum should consist entirely of knowledge which comes from various disciplines.
Progressive Points of View of Curriculum Caswell and Campbell viewed curriculum as all experiences children have under the guidance of teachers.
Smith, Stanley and Shores share the same definition when they defined curriculum as a sequence of potential experiences set up in schools for the purpose of disciplining children and youth in group ways of thinking and acting.
Marsh and Willis on the other hand view curriculum as all the experiences in the classroom which are planned and enacted by the teacher, and also learned by the students.
Tylers Rationale
In summary, Tylers Model show that in curriculum development, the following considerations should be made:
1. 2. 3. 4.
Purpose of the school. Educational experiences related to the purposes Organization of the experiences and Evaluation of the experiences
Recommended Curriculum
Most of the school curricula are recommended. National agencies that issued recommended curriculums are: 1. CHED Commission on Higher Education 2. DOST Department of Science and Technology or any professional organization who has a stake in education like 2.1 PAFTE Philippine Association for Teacher Education 2.2 BIOTA Biology Teacher Association , they may recommend a curriculum to be implemented in the elementary or secondary education.
Written Curriculum
This includes documents, course of study or syllabi handed down to schools, districts, divisions, departments or colleges for implementation. Most of the written curricula are made by curriculum experts with participation of teachers. Written curricula are pilot tested or tried out in sample schools or population.
Examples: Basic Education Curriculum ( BEC) Written lesson plan of each classroom teacher made up of objectives and activities planned by the teacher.
Taught Curriculum
This includes the different planned activities which are put into action in the classroom.
These are varied activities that are implemented in order to arrive at the objectives or purposes of the written curriculum. These are used by the learners with the guidance of teachers.
Taught curriculum varies according to the learning styles of students and the teaching styles of teachers.
Supported Curriculum
For teaching to be successful, aside from teachers, there must be materials which should support or help in the implementation of a written curriculum. Support curriculum includes material resources such as textbooks, computers, audio-visual materials, laboratory equipment, playgrounds, zoos and other facilities.
Support curriculum should enable each learner to achieve real and lifelong learning.
Assessed Curriculum
This refers to the tested or evaluated curriculum. At the duration and end of the teaching episodes, series of evaluations are being done by the teachers to determine the extent of teaching or tell if the students are progressing, referred to as the assessed curriculum.
Assessment tools like the pencil and paper tests, authentic instruments like portfolio are being utilized.
Learned Curriculum
This refers to the learning outcomes achieved by the students. Learning outcomes are indicated by the results of the test and changes in behavior which can either be cognitive, affective or psychomotor.
Hidden Curriculum
This is the unintended curriculum which is not deliberately planned but may modify behavior or influence learning outcomes. There are lots of hidden curricula that transpire in the schools. Peer influence, school environment, physical condition, teacher-learner interaction, mood of the teachers and many other factors make up the hidden curriculum.
Studies of Learners
School Purposes
Use of Philosophy
An educational philosophy lays the strong foundation of any curriculum. A curriculum planner or specialist, a curriculum implementer or the teacher, school administrator or curriculum evaluator whether school-based or externally based anchors his/her decision making process on a sound philosophy.
Aim of Education
To promote the intellectual growth of the individual and educate a competent person.
The teacher is the sole authority in his or her subject area or field of specialization. Essential skills of the 3 Rs and essential subjects of English, Science, History, Math and Foreign Language Excellence in education, back to basics and cultural literacy
Aim of Education
Role of Education
Curriculum Trends
Aim of Education
Role of Education
6. Ralph Tyler ( 1902-1994) As one of the hallmarks of curriculum, Tyler believes that curriculum is a science and an extension of schools philosophy. It is based on students needs and interest. To Tyler, curriculum is always related to instruction. Subject matter is organized in terms of knowledge, skills and values. The process emphasizes problem solving. The curriculum aims to educate generalist and not specialists.
Necessary conditions for effective modeling: Attention various factors increase or decrease the amount of attention paid. Includes distinctiveness, affective valence, prevalence, complexity, functional value. Ones characteristics (e.g. sensory capacities, arousal level, perceptual set, past reinforcement) affect attention. Retention remembering what you paid attention to. Includes symbolic coding, mental images, cognitive organization, symbolic rehearsal, motor rehearsal Reproduction reproducing the image. Including physical capabilities, and self-observation of reproduction. Motivation having a good reason to imitate. Includes motives such as past (i.e. traditional behaviorism), promised (imagined incentives) and vicarious (seeing and recalling the reinforced model)
Society as ever dynamic is a source of very fast changes which are difficult to cope with and adjust to.
Schools are made to understand these changes. Some observers point to the fact that schools are conservative institutions that lag behind instead of being agents of change
Thus in order for schools to be relevant, school curricula should address diversity, explosion of knowledge, school reforms and education for all.
Curricula should reflect and preserve the culture of society and its aspirations.
Society should imbibe the changes brought about by the formal institutions called schools.