Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Summer II – 2009
“The time rate of change of (linear) momentum of a collection of particles equals the net
force exerted on the collection”
resultant force
on the
collection of
total mass velocity particles
•For constant mass;
Suppose that a jet of fluid with area of cross-section A and mass density ρ issues from a
nozzle with a velocity v and impinges against a smooth inclined flat plate, as shown in
Figure 5.3.1. Assuming that there is no frictional resistance between the jet and plate,
determine the distribution of the flow and the force required to keep the plate in position.
Example 5.3.1
Since there is no change in pressure or elevation before and after impact, the velocity of
the fluid remains the same before and after impact.
Let the amounts of flow to the left be QL and to the right be QR.
Then the total flow Q = vA of the jet is equal to the sum (by continuity equation);
•Thus, the total flow Q is divided into the left flow of QL and right flow of QR as given
above.
Principle of Conservation of Angular Momentum
the time rate of change of the total moment of momentum for a continuum is
equal to vector sum
of the moments of external forces acting on the continuum.
•Constitutive equations are mathematical models of the behavior of materials that are
validated against experimental results.
•The differences between theoretical predictions and experimental findings are often
attributed to inaccurate representation of the constitutive behavior.
•If the constitutive behavior is only a function of the current state of rate of
deformation, such materials are termed viscous.
(a) Elastic materials for which the stresses are functions of the current
deformation and temperature
(b) Viscous fluids for which the stresses are functions of density,
temperature, and rate of deformation.
Special cases of these materials are the Hookean solids and Newtonian fluids.
Ch. 6: Constitutive Equations
•The approach typically involves assuming the form of the constitutive
equation and then restricting the form to a specific one by appealing to
certain physical requirements, including invariance of the equations and
material frameisindifference
•This chapter primarily focused on Hookean solids and Newtonian fluids.
The constitutive equations presented in Section 6.2 for elastic solids are
based on small strain assumption.
•Thus, we make no distinction between the material coordinates X and
spatial coordinates x and between the Cauchy stress tensor σ and second
Piola–Kirchhoff stress tensor S.
Elastic Solids
Introduction
For an incompressible elastic material (i.e., material for which the volume is preserved
and hence J = 1 or div u = 0), the above relation is written as;
hydrostatic pressure
Generalized Hooke’s Law
•The linear constitutive model for infinitesimal deformations is referred to as the
generalized Hooke’s law.
•To derive the stress–strain relations for a linear elastic solid, begin with the quadratic
form of U0;
Using…
Generalized Hooke’s Law
•Cmn have the same units as σmn, and they represent the residual stress
components of a solid.
Generalized Hooke’s Law
•We assume, that the body is free of stress prior to the load application so
that we may write;
We express Eq. (6.2.8) in an alternate form using single subscript notation for
stresses and strains and two subscript notation for the material stiffness
coefficients:
Generalized Hooke’s Law
•The single subscript notation for stresses and strains is called the
engineering notation or the Voigt-Kelvin notation.
Therefore;
In matrix form…
Generalized Hooke’s Law
In matrix form…