THE NILE.

LIFE GIVER

POLYTHEISTIC/PANTHEON/2000 GODS
POLY= Many Theos= Gods or deities THE BELIEF IN MANY GODS

PAN=All Theos=Gods or deities ALL THE GODS

RA
The most significant of the Egyptian Pantheon. RA was considered the sun god. Often considered the creator. Left Earth for the skies, humanity thought his departure was their flaw.

OSIRIS AND ISIS

Grandson to Ra Osiris and Isis were siblings. Osiris: GOD of the UNDERWORLD Isis: Goddess of Magic

OSRISIS AND ISIS

This slide, Kamala

Parents to Horus Osiris killed and usurped by brother, Set. Osiris is resurrected by Isis

SETH OR SET
Brother to Osiris Murdered Osiris Usurps Osiris Rival to Horus God of destruction and war

SET OR SETH

In Egyptian mythology, Set is portrayed as the usurper that killed and mutilated his own brother Osiris. Osiris' wife Isis reassembled Osiris' corpse and embalmed him. Osiris' son, Horus, sought revenge upon Set, and the myths describe their conflicts. The death of Osiris and the battle between Horus and Set is a popular event in Egyptian mythology.

SETH CUTTING UP OSIRIS

THOTH

God of Wisdom God of Writing and Recording of Text Creator of hieroglyphics

OSIRIS MYTH

Kamala, see if you can locate an image of Set killing Osiris and place it here

ANUBIS
God of embalming God of burial rites Embalmed Orsiris Portrayed as a man with a jackal head holding a divine scepter carried by kings and gods Symbol was a black and white ox-hide splattered with blood and hanging from a pole. Its meaning is unknown

ANNUBIS, THE GOD OF EMBALMING

He received the mummy into the tomb and performed the opening of the mouth ceremony and then conducted the soul in the field of Celestial Offerings.

Monitored the Scales of Truth to protect the dead from deception and eternal death.

OPENING OF THE MOUTH CEREMONY

TOOLS USED IN OPENING OF THE MOUTH CEREMONY

ISIS MUMMIFYING HER HUSBAND OSIRIS

Flooding of the Nile Isis finds Osiris Thoth and Anubis assist Isis Mummification sought to prevent and reverse the decay that follows death. Body protected by Isis

OSIRIS AS THE GOD OF THE DEAD

Once Osiris is made whole, Isis fans breath and life into his body. Because he experienced life and death, the ancient Egyptians felt that he would be a suitable rule over the dead.

THE ART OF MUMMIFICATION

MUMMIFICATION PROCESS

EMBALMING THE DEAD

It took a long time, from start to finish, it took about 70 days to embalm a body. The priest in charge would wear the mask of a jackal representing the god Anubis. 1. The body was washed and purified. 2. Brain was emulsified and removed 3. Organs were removed. Only the heart remained. 4. The body was filled with stuffing. 5. The body was dried by covering it with a substance called natron*. This substance absorbed all the moisture from the body. 6. After 40 - 50 days the stuffing was removed and replaced with linen or sawdust. 7. The body was wrapped in strands of linen and covered in a sheet called a shroud. 8. The body was placed in a stone coffin called a sarcophagus. The mummy was now ready for its journey to the afterlife.

CONTINUED

5. The body was dried by covering it with a substance called natron*. This substance absorbed all the moisture from the body. 6. After 40 - 50 days the stuffing was removed and replaced with linen or sawdust. 7. The body was wrapped in strands of linen and covered in a sheet called a shroud. 8. The body was placed in a stone coffin called a sarcophagus.

The mummy was now ready for its journey to the afterlife

SARCOPHAGUS

REMOVING THE BRAIN

REMOVAL OF THE BRAINS

The first part of the body to be removed was the brain. Egyptians did not know the purpose of the brain, so they thought it was a waste of space. To extract the brain, a hook was inserted through the nose. The embalmers pulled out as much as they could, and then poured salt water in the brain cavity to dissolve the remaining brain tissue.

REMOVAL OF THE ORGANS

Next to be removed were the internal organs: the liver, the lungs, the stomach, and the intestines. A small slit was made on the left side of the abdomen, then the embalmers reached in and pulled out the organs. Each of the organs was individually mummified, then stored in little coffins called canopic jars. There were four canopic jars, one for each of the organs. These jars were protected by the four sons of Horus.

CANOPIC JARS

CANOPIC JARS

Solid wood or stone canopic jars were still buried with the mummy to symbolically protect the internal organs.
misety

the human-headed god looks after the liver. Hapy the baboon-headed god looks after the lungs. Duamutef the jackal-headed god looks after the stomach. Qebehsenuef the falcon-headed god looks after the intestines.

KA=SPIRIT

Ka means Soul or Spirit The ka was a person's double, an invisible twin, which supposedly lived in the body until death. It was necessary to prevent the dead body from decaying because the ka still needed it! When the person died, the ka left the body. But if the body was preserved, the ka would return so they could live again.

BA=PERSONALITY

Ba was the sum of the immortal forces inherent in human beings which made up his personality.

AKH

Akh belongs to the heaven, the corpse to the earth. The body is buried while the akh, the Shining One, ascends to the sky, becoming a star. It comes into being when ba and ka and is the part of the person least bound to the rest, leaving it behind in the quest for immortality.

THE DRYING OF THE BODY

The body was placed on a slab and covered with natron salt. The slab was tilted so that excess water would run off into a basin. This removed moisture and prevented rotting. The body was taken outside and let dry for about forty days. After the body was completely dried out, the wrapping of the body began.

WRAPPING THE BODY

Wrapping the body was a painstaking process. The body was anointed with oils, and hundreds of yards of linen were used to wrap the body, and each toe and finger was wrapped separately. Charms, amulets, and inscribed pieces of papyrus were placed between each layer of bandage. Egyptians believed that these charms had magical properties that would protect and bring luck to the body. The wrapping process would be stopped every once in a while so that the priests could say certain prayers and write on the linen. A final shroud was placed on the mummy to keep all the wrappings together. Sometimes false eyes were inserted and make-up applied. Then a painted portrait mask was placed over the mummy's head so that dead person's soul (Ka) could recognize its owner. The mummy was then placed into a painted, decorated coffin.

MUMMIFICATION PROCESS

WEIGHING OF THE HEART

WEIGHING OF THE HEART

The ancient Egyptians believed that, when they died, they would be judged on their behaviour during their lifetime before they could be granted a place in the Afterlife. This judgement ceremony was called "Weighing of the Heart" and was recorded in Chapter 125 of the funerary text known as the "Book of the Dead".

BOOK OF THE DEAD

The Book of the Dead is not an actual book, but rather spells written on papyrus or on the tomb walls.

PAGE FROM BOOK OF DEAD OF HUNEFER

HIEROGLYPHICSWRITING TO IMMORTALIZE

The Egyptian writing called hieroglyphics used pictures to represent different objects, actions, sounds or ideas. There were more than 700 hieroglyphs. Some pictures stood for whole words.

HIEROGLYPHICS

hieros meaning holy glyphe meaning writing HOLY WRITING=Immortality

CARTOUCHE

A Cartouches appears in an oval shape. It usually is represented in the form of a plaque, but it can be seen as a necklace, earrings or rings. Egyptians used cartouches to indicate a persons significance regarding birth order, and to record distinguishing physical features about the important people.

CARTOUCHE EXAMPLES

MASTABAS

Relatively low, rectangular structure which owes its name to the modern Arab word for bench. Originally, the mastaba was built above a shaft at the bottom of which was situated a tomb. As the Egyptian craftsmanship and wealth increased, the mastabas became more elaborate, housing funerary chapels, shrines and offering tables where the cult for the deceased was held.

STEP PYRAMID

In the third dynasty, a pharaoh named Djoser had a large stone pyramid built. This pyramid has many layers and looks like several mastabas stacked on top of each other.

BENT PYRAMIDS
Built during the 4th dynasty, or the Old Kingdom Dedicated to the Pharaoh Snefru Called the bent pyramid because it changes angles at about 2/3 of the way to the top.

PYRAMIDS OF GIZA

There are three pyramids at Giza, each of which once had an adjoining mortuary temple. The 'great' pyramid was for over four thousands years, until the modern era, it was the tallest building in the world.

Menkaure

Khafre

Khufu

KHAFRE

How would you describe this sculpture? What does this have to do with immortality?

PHARAOIC SCULPTURE
Kings werent portrayed realistically. They were depicted as gods. Features are young and handsome. Perfect. Carved out of very hard, durable stone.

MENKAURE, HIS WIFE, AND HATHOR

SEATED SCRIBE

SPHINX

The Great Sphinx of Giza is the most famous Egyptian sphinx. It was built near the Giza Pyramids around 2500 BC by the pharaoh Khafre. Historians believe that the face on the Great Sphinx is that of Khafre.

MORTUARY TEMPLE OF QUEEN HATSHEPSUT

Hatshepsut was the first known female monarch and is often depicted as a male. Lavishly decorated with gardens and reliefs. Took about 15 years to build. Located on the Western Bank of the Nile Built into mountain

The pyramids at Giza are some of the greatest manmade structures ever built? What was the purpose for building these magnificent structures?

OBELISKS

Acted as message boards Inscribed with the names of rulers and religious events

RAMSES II TEMPLE (ABU SIMBEL)

Most famous temple of Ramses II Relocated between 1966 and 1968 Four seated statues of Ramses are 60 feet high Carved out of Sandstone Just north is a smaller temple dedicated to Nefertari, his wife.

RAMSES II AND NEFERTARI

Ramses II is debated to be the greatest pharaoh of the New Kingdom He expanded the nation and built huge temples Nefretari was his favorite wife and has one of the greatest tombs in Valley of the Queens He fathered roughly 80 sons and 60 daughters but outlived most of them Ramses II finally died at the age of 93 and the empire fell less than 150 years later

HYPOSTYLE HALL OF KARNAK

A hypostyle hall has a roof which is supported by columns. The central columns are 70 feet tall The outer columns are 50 feet tall. The hall has hieroglyphs associated with war.

HYPOSTYLE HALL OF KARNAK

VALLEY OF THE KINGS

Burial ground for the Pharaohs. Over 60 tombs in the Valley Vary from a small hole in the ground to very large tombs with over 100 chambers. The majority of tombs were looted thousands of years ago

COMPARE AND CONTRAST THESE TWO

KING TUTANKHAMEN
Son of Akhenaten- the heretic king- and restored the traditional Egyptian religion Became king at a young age and only ruled for about eight years before he died at 18 His nearly intact tomb was discovered in 1922

FRONTALISM
Egyptian art did not change from dynasty to dynasty. Frontalism was a sign of respect towards the gods. Slaves and lower class were depicted as more realistic while pharaohs were depicted with frontalism because they were considered gods.

CANON

A repeated method. A formula.

CROOK AND FLAIL

FALSE BEARD

EYE OF HORUS

WHITE CROWN

RED CROWN

DOUBLE CROWN

SCARAB BEETLE

SCARAB BEETLETHE COMING FORTH

DUNG BEETLE

EGYPTIAN MIRRORS

LUXOR TEMPLE

The temple of Luxor is close to the Nile and parallel with the riverbank. King Amenhotep III who reigned 1390-53 BC built this beautiful temple and dedicated it to AmonRe, king of the god This temple has been in almost continuous use as a place of worship right up to the present day For thousands of years, the temple was buried beneath the streets and houses of the town of Luxor

TEMPLE OF HORUS

Of all the temple remains in Egypt, the Temple of Horus at Edfu is the most well-preserved and the only one we know to have been completed

ROSETTA STONE

WHY IS IT IMPORTANT?
Two languages and three different scripts that were being used in Egypt First was hieroglyphic which was the script used for important or religious documents Second was demotic which was the common script of Egypt Third was Greek which was the language of the rulers of Egypt at that time It was carved in 196 B.C. and was found by French Soldiers in 1799