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UNIT 1 NETWORK ANALYSIS

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME :

Apply basic circuit theorems in solving alternating current (AC) in electrical circuit problems. (C3)
Use appropriate table and formula to determine the equation and series in order electrical circuit problems. (C3)

NETWORK ANALYSIS
Apply mesh analysis to AC networks. Apply nodal analysis to AC networks. Apply the superposition theorem to AC networks. Apply Thevenin's and Norton's theorems to AC Determine Delta-Wye and Wye-Delta conversions
networks.

1.1 Understand the application of network analysis theorems to AC circuits:

1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.1.4 networks. 1.1.5 in AC

A general expression for impedance , Z

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Z = R jX
Resistance Reactance
R 0 0 0 L -1 / C

R = resistance , X = reactance

Element
Resistor Inductor Capacitor

Impedance
ZR = R ZL = jL ZC = 1 / jC = -j/C

Steps to Analyze AC Circuits

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1.

Transform the circuit to the phasor domain or frequency domain Solve the problem using circuit techniques (Nodal, Mesh,etc) Transform the resulting phasor to the time domain

2.

3.

MESH ANALYSIS
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1.

Identify mesh (loops).

2.

Assign a current to each mesh.

3.

Apply KVL around each loop to get an equation in terms of the loop currents.

4.

Solve the resulting system of linear equations.

Example 2
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Determine I0 for the circuit below using mesh analysis

Ans: 6.12 144.78 A

Answer :
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Example 4
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Find V0 for the circuit below.

Ans: 9.754 -137.69 V

Exercise 2
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Find I0 for the circuit below using mesh analysis.

Ans: 1.194 65.45 A

NODAL ANALYSIS
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1.

Choose a reference node.

2.

Assign node voltages to the other nodes.

3. Apply KCL to each node other than the reference node; express currents in terms of node voltages.

4.

Solve the resulting linear equations.

NODAL ANALYSIS
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40 j80 j15
30o A

25

50o A

Based on KCL Assigns unknown voltages to all its essential node

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Step 1: Choose a Reference Node 40

5A j80 3A -j15 25

Select a reference node. Mark the reference node with the earth sign or downward arrow . A reference node is the node from where all the other node voltages join.

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Step 2: Assign Unknown Node Voltages

40 j80 j15

5A

3A

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Remember : between 2 different nodes, there should be at least 1 element

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Step 2: Assign Unknown Node Voltages

V1

40

V2

5A

j80

3A

-j15

25

V3

Assign node voltages at the marked essential nodes.

Step 3: Perform KCL at the Selected Nodes

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KCL is performed with the current going out of the node as positive (i.e. currents going out are added, going in are subtracted) Unknown currents assume to leave node (1)

(2)

and so on until all the simultaneous equations are performed for all unknowns

Step 4: Solve the equations

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(1)

(2)

V1 = ?

V2 = ?

V3 = ?

Example 1
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Find ix in the circuit below using nodal analysis.

Ans: 7.59 108.4 A

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Example 2
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Compute V1 and V2 in the circuit below using nodal analysis

Ans: 25.78 -70.48 V, 31.41 -87.18 V

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Exercise 1
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Using nodal analysis, find v1 and v2 in the circuit below

Ans: 11.34 60.04 V, 33.07 57.15 V

Circuit with Dependent Sources

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If a dependent source is present in the circuit, we need to come up with a constraint equation imposed by the presence of the dependent source.

The constraint equation is an equation describing the dependent term (of the dependent source) in terms of node voltages or values.

Circuit with Dependent Sources

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In this case, the dependent source is the 8io voltage source. The dependent term is io. From Ohm's Law, we obtain the constraint equation:

v1 v 2 io 5

Nodal or Mesh Analysis??

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Go for the analysis that will result in lesser number of simultaneous equations. Compare the number of node-voltage equations to the number of mesh-current equations required. The one that is less represents the analysis that would be the better choice.

Example 8
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Obtain current I0 in figure below using Mesh analysis :

Ans: 1.465 38.48 A

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Source Transformation & Superposition Theorem (Independent & dependant source)

Source Transformation
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Source transformation : replacing a voltage source vs in series with a impedance Z by a current source is in parallel with a impedance Z, or vice versa.

Source Transformation
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Example 1
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Calculate Vx in the circuit of figure below using the concept of source transformation.

Superposition Theorem
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Superposition : the voltage across (or current through) an element in a linear circuits is the algebraic sum of the voltage across (or current through) that element due to each independent source acting alone.
Current Source open circuit(0 A) Voltage Source short circuit (0 V)

Superposition Theorem
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Step to apply:
1.

Turn off all independent sources except one source. Find the output (voltage or current) due to that active source. Repeat step 1 for each other independent sources.
Find the total contribution by adding algebraically all the contribution due to the independent source.

2.
3.

EXAMPLE 1
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Step 1: Eliminate one of the source :

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Step 2 : Calculate the current/voltage needed

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Example 2 :
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Example 3
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Calculate Io in the circuit of figure shown below using the superposition theorem.

SOLUTIONS :
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TRY THIS!
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Example Superposition to dependent source :

SOLUTION

SOLUTION - CONT

Thevenins Theorem
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Any two-terminal network containing voltage of current sources can be replaced by a equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage to the open circuit voltage of the original circuit in series with the measured back into the original circuit.

Thevenins Theorem
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Step : 1. The portion of the original network considered as the load is removed or imagined to be removed. 2. The open circuit voltage is calculated 3. The thevenin resistance is calculated looking back into the network. 4. The equivalent circuit is drawn, the load reconnected, and the load current determined.

Thevenin Equivalent
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Example Thevenin 1:
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Find the Thevenin equivalent at terminals ab of the circuit below.

Zth =12.4 j3.2

VTH = 18.97<-51.57 V

Norton Theorem
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Norton Theorem may be stated as the linear network containing resistance and energy sources, can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a current source ( IN ). In parellel

with resistance ( RN )

Norton Theorem
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VTh voc I N isc voc VTh RTh RN isc IN

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Q&A
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