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3. How and why do these fundamental particles interact the way that they do? 4. Understand the fundamental forces in nature.
In this course, my aim is to introduce you to nature at its most fundamental level
Some of the concepts you will encounter may not agree with your intuition, others will I strongly encourage you to ask questions in class. It will help you, your classmates, and me!
Before we can get to this, we will first spend some time on some basics, and then well get to the meat later on.
http://cern.web.cern.ch/CERN/Microcosm/P10/english/P0.html
http://www.wordwizz.com/pwrsof10.htm http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/java/scienceopticsu/powersof10/
Powers of 10
10 101
Positive Powers
1 1 0.1 1 101 10 10
Negative Powers
0 Power
Scientific Notation
12500 = 1.25 x 10000 = 1.25 x (10 x 10 x 10 x 10) = 1.25 x 104
1.25x10?
1.2500 12500.0
3.67x10?
0.00367 3.67
The earth has a circumference of about 25,000 miles. How is this expressed in scientific notation? A) 2.5x103 B) 25x104 C) 2.5x104 D) None of these The sun has a radius of 695 million meters. How is this expressed in scientific notation? A) 695x105 B) 6.95x108 C) 6.95x109 D) 6.95x106
Multiplying powers of 10
The circumference of the earth is about 4x107 [m]. If I were to travel around the earth 3x102 times, how many [m] will I have gone? A) 7.0x109 B) 1.2x1010 C) 1.0x1015 D) 7.0x1015 (4x107) x (3x102) = (4x3) x (107x102) = 12x10(7+2) = 12x109 = (1.2x10) x109 = 1.2x1010 A bullet takes 10-3 seconds to go 1 [m]. How many seconds will it take for it to go 30 [m]? A) 3.0x10-1 B) 3.0x10-2 C) 4.0x10-2 D) 4.0x10-1 (1x10-3) x (3x101) = (1x3) x (10-3x101) = 3x10(-3+1) = 3x10-2
Dividing Powers of 10
A gas truck contains 4.6x103 gallons of fuel which is to be distributed equally among 2.0x104 cars. How many gallons of fuel does each car get? A) 2.3x101 B) 2.3x10-1 C) 23 D) 2.3
Common Prefixes
Commonly used prefixes indicating powers of 10
103 = kilo 106 = mega 109 = giga 1012 = tera
10-3 = milli 10-6 = micro 10-9 = nano 10-12 = pico 10-15 = femto
How many times larger is a kilometer than a micrometer ? A) 1,000 B) 1,000,000 C) 1,000,000,000 D) 1x10-9 1 km = 103 m and there are 106 micrometers in a meter, so there are 109 (or 1 billion) micrometers in 1 km How many 100 W bulbs can be kept lit with 100 Tera-Watts? A) 1.0x107 B) 1.0x109 C) 1.0x1012 D)1.0x1013
Common Conversions
Length: Mass: Speed: 2.54 [cm] = 1 [inch] 1 [kg] = 2.2 [lbs] 1 [m/sec] = 2.25 [mi/hr]
How many meters are there in a centimeter? A) 100 B) 0.01 C) 1000 D) 0.001
Units
Joe asks Rob About how much does your car weigh ? Joe answers About 1.5 Is Joes answer correct or incorrect?
Variables/Symbols
It is often more convenient to represent a number using a letter. For example, the speed of light is 3x108 [m/sec]. To avoid having to write this every time, we simply use the letter c which represents this value. That is c = 3x108 [m/sec].
We might use the expression, the particle is moving at 0.1c. This should be interpreted as The particle is moving at 1/10th of the speed of light. We will often use letters to represent constants or variables, so you must become comfortable with this.
Proportionality
What do we mean when we say: Quantity A is proportional to quantity B
This means the following: 1) If we double B, then A also doubles. 2) If we triple B, then A also triples. 3) If we halve B, then A also halves.
This is often written as: A a B The circumference of a circle, C, is proportional to the radius, R. If the radius is increased by a factor of 10, what happens to the circumference? It increases by a factor of 10
Proportionality Exercises
Consider this 1 cm square
l What is its area? Area = base * height = l*l = l2 = (1 cm )2 = 1 cm2
2l
l l
A=pr2
A=p(22) = 4p A=p(42) = 16p
Inverse Proportionality
What do we mean when we say a quantity V is inversely proportional to another quantity, say d. V a (1/d) It means: If we double d, then V is reduced by a factor of 2 If we quadruple d, then V is reduced by a factor of 4.
Why?
We know that Vd a (1/d) If we double d, then d (2*d), so V2d a [1/(2d)] = (1/2) (1/d) = (1/2) Vd. In the same way, show that V4d = (1/4) Vd
Exercises
The force of gravity is known to be inversely proportional to the square of the separation between two objects. What happens to the force between two objects when the distance is tripled? A) B) C) D) Increases by a factor of 6 Decreases by a a factor of 8 Decreases by a factor of 9 Decreases by a factor of 6
The electric force between two charges is also known to be inversely proportional to the square of the separation. What happens to the force if the distance is reduced by a factor of 10. A) B) C) D) Increases by a factor of 10 Increases by a a factor of 100 Decreases by a factor of 10 Decreases by a factor of 100
Algebra
If a car is going 20 [mi/hr] for 4 [hrs], how far does the car go? A) 80 [mi] B) 5 [mi] C) 20 [mi] D) none of these What did you do to arrive at this result?
d = v*t
Algebra (cont)
If a biker goes 20 [mi] in 2 [hrs], what is the bikers average speed ? A) 20 [mi/hr] B) 5 [mi/hr] C) 10 [mi/hr] D) 40 [mi/hr] What did you do to arrive at this result? You divided the distance (20 [mi]) by the time (2 [hrs]). That is, you reasoned: average velocity = distance / time
v=d/t
Is this equation and the previous one expressing different relationships among the variables v, d and t?
Algebra (cont)
NO!
d=v*t
and
v=d/t
Are expressing the same relationship. The variables are just shuffled around a bit!
To cast the first form into the second: Multiply both sides by (1/t): The factor of t * (1/t) = 1, so And, (1/t)*d = d/t,
An important example
Einsteins famous Energy-mass relation:
E = m c2
Can be rearranged to read:
m = E / c2
Note that the units of mass can also be expressed in units of Energy / (speed)2 (Well come back to this point later)
Summary
For this module, you should be comfortable with:
4. Basic algebra and manipulating equations such as, E=mc2, c=fl , E=hf , etc.
5. Understanding prefixes, such as Giga, Tera, Mega, etc.