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Thermal Physics
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Assignment
P&P12: In class:1(a),3,4(a,b), 6,19,22,23,32,58,59 72oF tooC and -10oC to oF
5. Until refrigerators were invented, many people stored fruits and vegetables in underground cellars. Why was this more effective than keeping them in the open air? 6. In the past, when a baby had a high fever, the doctor might have suggested gently sponging off the baby with rubbing alcohol. Why would this help?
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8. Why, during the final construction of the St. Louis arch, was water sprayed on the previous sections as the last section was put in place?
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Objectives
1. Describe thermal energy and compare it to potential and kinetic energies. 2. Describe changes in temperatures of two objects reaching thermal equilibrium 3. Identify various temperature scales, and convert between them
Objectives
4. Explain heat as energy transferred between substances at different temperatures 5. Relate heat and temperature 6. Apply principle of energy conservation to calculate changes in potential, kinetic, & internal energy
Objectives
7. Perform calculations with specific heat capacity 8. Interpret the various sections of a heating curve
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9. Recognize that a system can absorb or release energy as heat in order for work to be done on or by that system 10. Compute work done during thermodynamic process 11. Distinguish between isovolumetric, isothermal, and adiabatic thermodynamic processes
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Objectives
12. Illustrate how the first law of thermodynamics is a statement of energy conservation 13. Calculate heat, work, and change in internal energy using lst law of T-D 14. Apply 1st law of T-D to describe cyclic processes 15. Recognize why 2nd law of T-D requires 2 bodies at different temps.
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Convert 72 oF to oC C = 5/9 (F-32) C = 5/9 (72-32) = 22oC Convert -10 oC to oF F = 9/5 C + 32 F = 9/5(-10) + 32 = 14oF
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Objective 3:
Temperature Scales
Temperature degree scales comparison
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Problem: 1. The lowest outdoor temperature ever recorded on Earth is -128.6 o F., recorded at Vostok Station, Antarctica, in 1983. What is this temperature on the Celsius and Kelvin scales?
Answers: -89.22oC, 183.93 K
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Obj. #2 - Hotter temperature means more heat present in a substance the faster the molecules of the substance move. Obj #5 Relate heat and temperature Heat units: calorie or joule (amount of heat energy present in a substance) Temperature units: degree (proportional to heat energy present in a substance)
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Convection Heat transfer in fluids generally takes place via convection. Convection currents are set up in the fluid because the hotter part of the fluid is not as dense as the cooler part, so there is an upward buoyant force on the hotter fluid, making it rise while the cooler, denser, fluid sinks. Birds and gliders make use of upward convection currents to rise, and we also rely on convection to remove ground-level pollution.
Conduction When heat is transferred via conduction, the substance itself does not flow; rather, heat is transferred internally, by vibrations of atoms and molecules. Electrons can also carry heat, which is the reason metals are generally very good conductors of heat.
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Radiation The third way to transfer heat, in addition to convection and conduction, is by radiation, in which energy is transferred in the form of electromagnetic waves. More about electromagnetic waves in a lot more detail in a later chapter; an e-m wave is basically an oscillating electric and magnetic field traveling through space at the speed of light.
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Heat Transfer Heat Transfer Q = mCT = mC (Tf Ti) Q = mCT = mC (Tf Ti)
Q, quantity of heat in joule m, mass of substance in kg c, specific heat for water in 4186 j/kg K t, temperature in Celsius
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Find the amount of heat needed to change the temperature of 5.0 g of liquid water from 8.0oC to 100oC. Q = mcDt = .005kg(4186 j/kgoC) (92oC) = 1.9 x 103 j
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12/3 When you turn on the hot water to wash dishes, the water pipes have to heat up. How much heat is absorbed by a copper water pipe with a mass of 2.3 kg when its temperature is raised from 20.0oC to 80.0oC? Q = mcDt Q = (2.3kg)(390J/kgoC)(60.0oC) Q = 53820 J or 5.4x104J
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12/4b
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0.300 kg of coffee, at a temperature of 95 C, is poured into a room-temperature (20.oC) steel mug, of mass 0.125 kg. Assuming no energy is lost to the surroundings, what does the temperature of the mug filled with coffee come to? Applying conservation of energy, the total change in energy of the system must be zero. So, we can just add up the individual energy changes (the Q's) and set the sum equal to zero. The subscript c refers to the coffee, and m to the mug.
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Note that room temperature in Celsius is about 20. Re-arranging the equation to solve for the final temperature gives:
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The temperature of the coffee doesn't drop by much because the specific heat of water (or coffee) is so much larger than that of steel. This is too hot to drink, but if you wait, heat will be transferred to the surroundings and the coffee will cool.
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Q = m Hf
Q = m Hv
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Temperature vs Heat
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Formulas
Temperature change use: Q = mc D t Melting or freezing: Q = m Hf Evaporation or Condensation: Q = mHv Hf is latent heat of fusion, 3.33 x 105 J/kg Hv is latent heat of vaporization, 2.26 x 106 J/kg These values are for water. Problem #19 on page 325.
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Problem A jar of tea is placed in sunlight until it reaches an equilibrium temperature of 32oC. In an attempt to cool the liquid to 0oC, which has a mass of l80 g, how much ice at 0oC is needed? Assume the specific heat capacity of the tea to be that of pure liquid water.
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m tea = 180g m ice = ? which is the mass of the water that has melted c tea = c water = 4186 J/kgoC H f = 3.33 x 105 J/kg and t final = 32oC Q lost = Q gained tea loses and water gains only melting the ice
(mcDt)tea = (mHf)ice m ice = (mcDt)tea Hf ice m ice = (.180kg)(4186 J/kgoC)(32oC) 3.33x105 J/kg = 7.2 x 10-2kg
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The change in thermal energy of an object is equal to the heat added to the object minus the work done by the object.
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A heat engine
Transforms heat at high temperature into mechanical energy and low-temperature waste heat A heat pump (refrigerator) absorbs heat from the cold reservoir and gives off heat to the hot reservoir.
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The change in entropy of an object is equal to the heat added to the object divided by the temperature of the object. Natural processes occur in a direction that increases the entropy of the universe. All processes tend toward disorder unless some action occurs to keep them ordered. i.e., heat can flow only from hot to cold naturally.
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Practice Problems
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12/32 answer
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The End
www.internationalhero.co.uk www.federalinfrared.com
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