Cestodes

Diphyllobotrium latum
Fish tapeworm/ Broad Tapeworm Largest tapeworm of man

Habitat
Small intestine

Features
Unarmed scolex; spoon shaped or spatulate w/ bothria
Uterus in rosette form

Egg/Larva
Ova: bile stained, ovoid, operculated, thick shelled embryonated
Larval stages: coracidium procorcoid (IHcyclops) plerocorcoid (IHfresh water fish) Egg: Nonoperculated; inner embryophore is thick walled and radially striated; With an oncosphere (hexacanth embryo) Larva : Cysticercus bovis

Mode of Infection
Ingestion of raw or uncooked infected fish
IS- Plerocercoid larva

Hosts or Vector
1st IH- cyclops
2nd IH- fresh water fishes FH-man, dog, cat

Diagnosis
Microscopic exam of feces for operculated eggs or vommited proglottids

Disease/ Treatment
Diphyllobothriasiso r Bothriacephalous Anemia
Prasiquantel Niclozamide

Taenia saginata
beef tapeworm

Small intestine

Genital pore is marginal Uterus is dichotomous Unarmed scolex

Eating of beef infected with Cypticercus bovis

IH- cattle, cow, buffalo FH- man

Microscopic exam of stool for eggs, proglottids or scolex

Taeniasis- leading to obstruction of organs Praziquantel Niclozamide

Taenia solium
pork tapeworm

Small intestine

Armed scolex (hooklets shaped like daggers or Arabian poniards) Uterus is dendritic Genital pore is marginal and thick- lipped

IS:Cypticercus cellulosae

Ingestion of infected pork IS: Cypticersus cellulone

IH- pork FH-man

Stool exams for eggs or proglottids

Cypticercosis; Neurocysticercosis (most serious zoonotic disease) Praziquantel Niclozamide

Cestodes
Echinococcus Granulosus
Hydatid worm/ Dog tapeworm Smallest tapeworm of man

Habitat
lymphatics

Features
-Scolex bears 4 suckers and a protrusible rostellum

Egg/Larva
Egg: resembles Taenia egg but ovoid

Mode of Infection
IS: embryonated egg
IS: hydatid cyst

Hosts or Vector
IH: sheep, goat, pig, cattle, horse
Definitive Host: (canines like dogs, wolf, fox) Accidental HostMan

Diagnosis
radiographic findings
Immuno diagnosis

Disease and Treatment

Hydatid sand; Alveolar cyst
Surgical removal/ Albendazole

Hymenolepsis diminuta
rat tapeworm

Small intestine

Uterus is sac-like and transverse unarmed

Egg: double membrane Larva: cysticercoid

IH: fleas IS: Cysticercoiod AH- man

Eggs passed in feces

Hymenolepiasis Praziquantel

Dipylidium caninum Dog Tapeworm

Double pored Rose thorn hooklets Gravid proglottids

Ova: Thin walled and spherical

IS: Cysticercoid

IH:

Ctenocephalides canis: Dog flea Ctenophalides files: cat flea Pulex irritans:
human flea

Eggs passed in feces

Dipylidiasis Praziquantel

Trichoedectas canis: dog flea

Hymenolepsis nana
Dwarf tapeworm Smallest tapeworm affecting man

Ileum

Subglobular armed rostellum

Ova: spherical w/inner embryo has 3 pair of lancets and intermembranous spaces

Ingestion of eggs or of infected arthropod in w/c cysticercoid larve are released and developed

DH: rodents , man

Embryonated eggs in feces Demonstration of characteristic ova in the stool

Praziquantel

Trematodes
Schistosoma japonicum
Oriental blood fluke

Habitat
superior mesenteric veins of the small intestine
vesicle and pelvic plexus of the venous circulation; urinary bladder mesenteric veins of colon and rectum

Features

Egg/Larva
Eggs: nonoperculated; bottle neck egg
S.japonicumlateral knob S.haematobiumterminal spine S.mansonilateral spine

Mode of Infection
Skin penetration
IS: cercariae

Hosts or Vector
IH: Onchomelania for S. japonicum

Diagnosis
Stool exam

Disease and Treatment

S. japonicumS. haematobium-

Katayamas disease

Schistosoma haematobium
Vesical blood fluke

IH: Bulimus and Physopsis for S.

Bilharziasis or bloody urine

haematobium

S. mansoniSwimmers itch Praziquantel

Schistosoma mansoni
Mansons blood fluke smallest blood fluke

IH: Biomphalaria and Australorbis for S. mansoni

Paragonimus westermani
Oriental Lung Fluke

lungs

Coffee or bean shaped in pairs or in threes in fibrotic capsules or cysts in the lungs

Ova: oval; thick shelled; with flattened opercular and thick abopercular end

Ingestion of insufficiently or uncooked crustaceans containing metacercariae

IH: Brotia asperata (snail) 2nd IH:Sundathelpusa philippina or

Feces and sputum exam Misdiagnosed on pulmonarytubercu losis

Paragonimiasis Praziquantel Bithionol

Parathelpusa grapsoides

Eurytrema pancreaticum
pancreatic worm

pancreas

Stout worm with ruffled margins oral sucker is larger than the ventral sucker

Ova: dark brown thick shelled and operculated

IH: :

Macrochlamys indica (snail)

2nd IH: :

Technomyrmex deterquens

Trematodes
Fasciolopsis buski
Giant Intestinal Fluke Largest trematode

Habitat
intestine

Features
no cephalic cone no shoulders

Egg/Larva
operculated

Mode of Infection
Ingestion of encysted metacercariae on aquatic plants
IS: metacercariae

Hosts or Vector
1st IH: snailSegmentina sp. Hippentis sp.
2nd IH: fresh water vegetation seed pods of water caltrop (Trapa bicornis,

Diagnosis
Stool exam for unembryonated eggs

Disease and Treatment

Fasciolopsiasis
Praziquantel

Trapa nutans)
bulb of a fresh water chestnut

(Eliocharis tuberosa) Echinostoma ilocanum

Garrisms fluke Intestine Oral suckers surrounded by circumoral disk w. crown of spines Ova: germ ball egg dot-like operculum Larvae: no sporocyst stage but with 2 redial stages Ingestion of infected fish or vegetation Infective stage: metacercaria IH: Gyraulus

convexiusculus Gyraulus prashadi

2nd IH: - Pila luzonica (kuhol)

Heterophydiasis

Vivipara angularis
(susong pampang) Corbicula sp (clam) Ingestion of metacercariae in infected fishes IS: metacercariae Detection of eggs in the stool using Kato Katz method Unembryonated eggs Praziquantel

Heterophyes heterophyes
Von Siebolds Fluke Smallest but most pathogenic

intestine

With 3 suckers oral, ventral and genital

Ova: As

Clonochis sinensis
ovumoperculated, unembryonated No abopercular protuberance

Trematodes
FASCIOLA HEPATICA
SHEEP LIVER FLUKE

Habitat
liver

Features

Egg/Larva
Ova: looks like hens egg

Mode of Infection
Ingestion of metacercariae in aquatic plants
IS: metacercariae

Hosts or Vector
IH: Lymnea

Diagnosis
Unembryonated eggs

Disease and Treatment

Fascioliasis
Bithionol

FASCIOLA GIGANTICA
GIANT LIVER FLUKE

Conical projection called cephalic cone

philippinensis
(snail) 2nd IH: blades of grass and water plants IH: Bulimus

Chlonorchis sinensis
Chinese liver fluke

liver

Unbranched intestine

Ova: smallest like an oldfashioned electric bulb or pitcher-shaped

Ingestion of raw or undercooked fish; salted and dried fishes IS: metacercaria

Embryonated egg

Clonorchiasis Triclabendazole Bithionol

fuschiana
(snail) 2ndIH:Ctenophary

ngondon idellus
(fish)