PRESENTATION ON 3 PHASE - INDUCTION MOTOR

Contents
1Introduction 2 History 3 Principle of operation 4 Starting of Motor 5 Speed control 6 Types of 3 Phase Induction Motors 7 Construction 8 Production of Rotating magnetic Field

INTRODUCTION
An induction motor (IM) is a type of asynchronous AC motor where power is supplied to the rotating device by means of electromagnetic induction
Three-phase induction motors

History
The induction motor with a wrapped rotor was invented by Nikola Tesla in 1888 in the United States. In his scientific work, Tesla laid the foundations for understanding the way the motor operates.

The induction motor with a cage was invented by Mikhail DolivoDobrovolsky about a year later in Europe. Technological development in the field has improved to where a 100 hp (73.6 kW) engine from 1976 takes the same volume as a 7.5 hp (5.5 kW) engine did in 1897. Currently, the most common induction motor, is the cage rotor motor.

Principle of operation
The operation of a 3 Phase Induction Motor is based upon the application of Faradays Law ,Lens Law and Lorentz force on a conductor when kept in a magnetic field whose direction can be found by Flemings Left Hand Thumb Rule.

In a 3 Phase Induction motor ,current is supplied onto the rotor. This then creates a magnetic field which, through magnetic interaction, links to the rotating magnetic field in the stator which in turn causes the rotor to turn. The rotating Magnetic flux induces currents in the windings of the rotor in a manner similar to currents induced in A transformer's secondary winding.

The currents in the rotor windings in turn create magnetic fields in the rotor that react against the stator field. Due to Lenzs Law, the direction of the magnetic field created will be such as to oppose the change in current through the rotor windings. The cause of induced current in the rotor windings is the rotating stator magnetic field, so to oppose the change in rotor-winding currents the rotor will start to rotate in the direction of the rotating stator magnetic field. The rotor accelerates until the magnitude of induced rotor current and torque balances the applied load..

STARTING OF MOTOR
In a three phase induction motor, the induced emf in the rotor circuit depends on the slip of the induction motor and the magnitude of the rotor current depends upon this induced emf (electromotive force). When the motor is started, the slip is equal to 1 as the rotor speed is zero, so the induced emf in the rotor is large. As a result, a very high current flows through the rotor. This is similar to a transformer with the secondary coil short circuited, which causes the primary coil to draw a high current from the mains. Similarly, when an induction motor starts, a very high current is drawn by the stator, on the order of 5 to 9 times the full load current. This high current can damage the motor windings and because it causes heavy line voltage drop, other appliances connected to the same line may be affected by the voltage fluctuation. To avoid such effects, the starting current should be limited

SPEED CONTROL

The rotational speed of the rotor is controlled by the number of pole pairs (number of windings in the stator) and by the frequency of the supply voltage. Before the development of cheap power electronics, it was difficult to vary the frequency to the motor and therefore the uses for the induction motor were limited. There are various techniques to produce a desired speed. The most commonly used technique is PWM(Pulse Width Modulation), in which a DC signal is switched on and off very rapidly, producing a sequence of electrical pulses to the inductor windings

TYPES OF 3 PHASE MOTORS

SQUIRREL CAGE MOTOR : Motor consisting of Squirrel Cage rotor .

SLIP RING MOTOR : Motor consisting of slip ring rotor.

Construction
The stator consists of wound 'poles' that carry the supply current that induces a magnetic field in the conductor. The number of 'poles' can vary between motor types but the poles are always in (i.e. 2,4,6 etc) pairs. There are two types of rotor 1. Squirrel-cage rotor 2. Slip ring rotor The most common rotor is a squirrel-cage rotor. It is made up of bars of either solid copper (most common) or aluminum that span the length of the rotor, and are connected through a ring at each end

Formulas
The relationship between the supply frequency, f, the number of pole pairs, p, and the synchronous speed, n, is given by f = p*n. From this relationship: Speed of rotating field (n) = f/P (revs.s-1) Speed of rotor = n(1-S) (rev.s-1) where S is the slip. Slip is calculated using: % slip = (n - r) / n * 100 where r is the rotor speed In contrast, a synchronous motor always runs at either a constant speed N=(120f)/P or zero.

Production of Rotating Magnetic Field

It is important to understand the principle of rotating magnetic field in order to understand the operation of an Induction motor. When a three phase voltage is applied to the stator winding , a rotating magnetic field of constant magnitude is produced. This rotating field is produced by the Contributions of phase windings carrying appropriate time displaced currents. These currents which are time displaced by 120 electrical degrees.

We will now consider a stator structure depicted along with three phase windings.For convenience, each phase is represented by a single coil (though the winding is distributed in practice). The coil a-a represents the entire phase winding for phase a. Similarly b-b and c-c represent the coils for phases b and c. Each phase winding produces flux along its own flux axis and these axes are separated by 120 electrical degrees.

Thank You
This presentation has been made in an attempt to explain the concept behind an induction by the group comprising members:

Pushkar A Pandit (Roll No- 46) Nikki Paliwal (Roll No- 74) Ashwin Koche (Roll No-29) Pankaj Sachdev (Roll No-61) Ayush (Roll No-30) Arpit Jaiswal(Roll No-28) Kunal Rewatkar(Roll No-76)