Analogue Electronics Circuit II

EKT 214/4
Chapter 1
Operational Amplifier
1
Semester 2 2010/11

By: Norizan Binti Mohamed Nawawi

1.0 Operational Amplifier
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Ideal Op-Amp
1.3 Op-amp Input Modes
1.4 Op-amp Parameters
1.5 Operation
Single-mode
Differential-mode
Common-mode operation
1.6 Op-Amps Basics
1.7 Practical Op Amp Circuits
1.8 Op Amp Datasheet
2
1.1 Introduction
3
Typical IC packages
IC packages placed on circuit board
1.1 Introduction
The operational amplifier or op-amp is a circuit of
components integrated into one chip.
A typical op-amp is powered by two dc voltages and has one
inverting(-) input, one non-inverting input (+) and one
output.
Op-amps are used to model the basic mathematical
operations ; addition, subtraction, integration and
differentiation in electronic analog computers.
Other operations include buffering and amplification of DC
and AC signals.
4
Definition
1.1 Introduction
5
Op-amp schematic symbol
One Output Terminal
Two Input Terminals
Inverting input
Non-inverting input
Two Power Supply (PS)
+V : Positive PS
-V : Negative PS
1.1 Introduction
6
Applications of Op-Amp
To provide voltage amplitude changes
(amplitude and polarity)
Comparators
Oscillators
Filters
Sensors
Instrumentation amplifiers
1.1 Introduction
Stages of an op-amp


7
INPUT
STAGE
OUTPUT
STAGE
GAIN
STAGE
1.1 Introduction
Typical op-amp packages


8
1.1 Introduction
The 741 op-amp


9
Literally a black box Real op-amp : 741
1.2 Ideal Op-Amp
10
Ideal Op-Amp Practical Op-Amp
1.2 Ideal Op-Amp
Infinite input impedance
Zero output impedance
Infinite open-loop gain
Infinite bandwidth
Zero noise contribution
Zero DC output offset
11
Ideal Op-Amp Practical Op-Amp
Input impedance 500k-2MO
Output impedance 20-100 O
Open-loop gain (20k to 200k)
Bandwidth limited (a few kHz)
Has noise contribution
Non-zero DC output offset
Properties
i
i
i
I
V
Z =
12
Infinite Input Impedance
Input impedance is measured across the input
terminals.
It is the Thevenin resistance of the internal connection
between the two input terminals.
Input impedance is the ratio of input voltage to input
current.


When Z
i
is infinite, the input current is zero.
The op amp will neither supply current to a circuit nor
will it accept current from any external circuit.
In real op-amp, the impedance is 500kO to 2MO
1.2 Ideal Op-Amp
13
Zero Output Impedance

Looking back into the output terminal, we see it as a
voltage source with an internal resistance.

The internal resistance of the op-amp is the output
impedance of op-amp
This internal resistance is in series with the load, reducing
the output voltage available to the load

Real op-amps have output impedance in the range of 20-
100 O .
1.2 Ideal Op-Amp
Infinite Open-Loop Gain

Open-Loop Gain, A is the gain of the op-amp
without feedback.
In the ideal op-amp, A is infinite
In real op-amp, A is 20k to 200k
in v out
V A V =
14
1.2 Ideal Op-Amp
15
Infinite Bandwidth

The ideal op-amp will amplify all signals from DC to the
highest AC frequencies

In real op-amps, the bandwidth is rather limited
This limitation is specified by the Gain-Bandwidth product,
which is equal to the frequency where the amplifier gain
becomes unity
Some op-amps, such as 741 family, have very limited
bandwidth, up to a few kHz only
1.2 Ideal Op-Amp
16
Zero Noise Contribution

in an ideal op amp, all noise voltages produced
are external to the op amp. Thus any noise in the
output signal must have been in the input signal as
well.

the ideal op amp contributes nothing extra to the
output noise.

In real op-amp, there is noise due to the internal
circuitry of the op-amp that contributes to the
output noise
1.2 Ideal Op-Amp
17
Zero Output Offset

The output offset voltage of any amplifier is the output
voltage that exists when it should be zero.

The voltage amplifier sees zero input voltage when both
inputs are grounded. This connection should produce a
zero output voltage.

If the output is not zero then there is said to be an
output voltage present.

In the ideal op amp this offset voltage is zero volts, but
in practical op amps the output offset voltage is nonzero
(a few miliVolts).

1.2 Ideal Op-Amp
18
Both Differential Inputs Stick Together

this means that a voltage applied to one inverting
inputs also appears at the other non-inverting inputs.

If we apply a voltage to the inverting input and then
connect a voltmeter between the non-inverting input
and the power supply common, then the voltmeter will
read the same potential on non-inverting as on the
inverting input.
1.2 Ideal Op-Amp
1.3 Op-Amp Input Modes
Single-Ended Input Mode
Input signal is connected to ONE input and the other input is
grounded.
19
Non- Inverting Mode
input signal at +ve terminal
output same polarity as
the applied input signal
Inverting Mode
input signal at ve terminal
output opposite in phase
to the applied input signal
1.3 Op-Amp Input Modes
Differential Input Mode
TWO out-of-phase signals are applied with the difference of
the two amplified is produced at the output.

2 1 in in d
d d out
V V V
V A V
=
=
20
1.3 Op-Amp Input Modes
Common Mode Input

Two signals of same phase, frequency, and amplitude are applied to
the inputs which results in no output (signals cancel). But, in
practical, a small output signal will result.

This is called common-mode rejection. This type of mode is used
for removal of unwanted noise signals.
21
1.4 Op-Amp Parameters
COMMON-MODE REJECTION (CMRR)

COMMON-MODE INPUT VOLTAGE

INPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE

INPUT BIAS CURRENT

INPUT IMPEDANCE

INPUT OFFSET CURRENT

OUTPUT IMPEDANCE

SLEW RATE

22
1.4 Op-Amp Parameters
Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)

The ability of amplifier to reject the common-mode signals
(unwanted signals) while amplifying the differential signal
(desired signal)
Ratio of open-loop gain, A
ol
to common-mode gain, A
cm
The open-loop gain is a datasheet value
cm
ol
A
A
CMRR =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
cm
ol
A
A
CMRR log 20
23
The higher the CMRR, the better, in which the open-loop gain
is high and common-mode gain is low.
CMRR is usually expressed in dB & decreases with
frequency

1.4 Op-Amp Parameters
Common-Mode Input Voltage

The range of input voltages which, when applied to both inputs,
will not cause clipping or other output distortion.
24
Input Offset Voltage

Ideally, output of an op-amp is 0 Volt if the input is 0 Volt.
Realistically, a small dc voltage will appear at the output when
no input voltage is applied.
Thus, differential dc voltage is required between the inputs to
force the output to zero volts.
This is called the Input Offset Voltage, V
os
. Range between 2
mV or less.
1.4 Op-Amp Parameters
Input Bias Current

Ideally should be zero
The dc current required by the inputs of the amplifier to
properly operate the first stage.
Is the average of both input currents
25
1.4 Op-Amp Parameters
Input Impedance

Is the total resistance between the inverting and non-inverting
inputs.
Differential input impedance : total resistance between the
inverting and non-inverting inputs
Common-mode input impedance: total resistance between
each input and ground
26
1.4 Op-Amp Parameters
Input Offset Current
Is the difference of input bias currents
2 1
I I I
os
=
27
( )
in in in os
R I I R I R I V
2 1 2 1
= =
in os os
R I V =
in os v error out
R I A V =
) (
Input offset current Offset voltage
Thus, error
1.4 Op-Amp Parameters
Output Impedance

Ideally should be zero
Is the resistance viewed from the output terminal of the op-
amp. In reality, it is non-zero.
28
1.4 Op-Amp Parameters
Slew Rate
Is the maximum rate of change of the output voltage in response
to a step input voltage.
t
V
SlewRate
out
A
A
=
29
) ( where
max max
V V V
out
+ = A
1.4 Op-Amp Parameters
Slew Rate
Its a measure of how fast the output can follow the input signal.

30
1.4 Op-Amp Parameters
Example
Determine the slew rate:
t
V
SlewRate
out
A
A
=
31
s V
s
V V
SlewRate

/ 18
1
) 9 ( 9
=
+
=
1.5 Operation
Types of Op-amp Operation
32
Differential Amplifier Circuit

If an input signal is applied to either input with the other input is
connected to ground, the operation is referred to as single-
ended.

If two opposite-polarity input signals are applied, the operation is
referred to as double-ended.

If the same input is applied to both inputs, the operation is called
common-mode.
1.5 Operation
Basic amplifier circuit
33
Differential Amplifier Circuit

1.5 Operation
DC bias of differential amplifier circuit
0 ) ( = + +
EE E E BE
V R I V
E
BE EE
E
R
V V
I

=
34
Differential Amplifier Circuit

DC ANALYSIS
0 since
2
2 1
= ~ =
B
E
C C
V
I
I I
C
E
CC C C CC C C
R
I
V R I V V V
2
2 1
= = =
1.5 Operation
Example : Differential Amplifier Circuits
35
Calculate the dc voltages and currents
1.5 Operation
Example
36
E
BE EE
E
R
V V
I

=
Differential Amplifier Circuit

Solution
mA
m I
I I
E
C C
25 . 1
2
5 . 2
2
2 1
= = ~ =
C C CC C
R I V V =
mA
k
V V
I
E
5 . 2
3 . 3
7 . 0 9
=

=
V k m V V
C
1 . 4 ) 9 . 3 )( 25 . 1 ( 9 = =
1.5 Operation
37
Differential Amplifier Circuit

Connection to calculate : A
v1
= V
o1
/ V
i1

AC ANALYSIS Single-Ended
1.5 Operation
38
Differential Amplifier Circuit

AC ANALYSIS Single-Ended
AC equivalent of differential amplifier circuit
B
E
C
1.5 Operation
Scan figure 10.11 & 10.15
i b i b i
r I r I V + =
1
| | | = =
2 1
39
Differential Amplifier Circuit

AC Analysis - Single ended
i
i
b
r
V
I
2
1
=
b b b
I I I = =
2 1
i i i
r r r = =
2 1
KVL
i
i
b c
r
V
I I
2
1
|
| = =
1
1
2 2
i
e
c
i
c i
c c o
V
r
R
r
R V
R I V
|
|
|
= = =
e
c
i
o
v
r
R
V
V
A
2
1
= =
Partial circuit for calculating I
b


Hence
: Note
|
|
t
i
e
CQ
T
i
r
r
I
V
r r
=
= =
1.5 Operation
75
2 1
= = | |
A
I
I
E
C
5 . 96
2
= =
V k A V 5 . 4 ) 47 )( 5 . 96 ( 9 = O =
O = = = 269
0965 . 0
26
CQ
T
e
I
V
r
40
Differential Amplifier Circuit

Example
O = = k r r
i i
20
2 1
A
k
V V
R
V V
I
E
EE
E
193
43
7 . 0 9 7 . 0
=

=
c c cc c
R I V V =
4 . 87
) 269 ( 2
47
2
= = =
k
r
R
A
e
c
v
Calculate the single-ended output
voltage V
o1

Solution
V k V
c
5 . 4 ) 47 )( 5 . 96 ( 9 = =
V m V A V
i v o
175 . 0 ) 2 )( 4 . 87 (
1
= = =
mV 26 =
T
V
1.5 Operation
i
c
d
o
d
r
R
V
V
A
2
|
= =
2 1
where
i i d
V V V =
41
Differential Amplifier Circuit

AC Analysis - Double ended
A similar analysis can be used to show that for the condition of
signals applied to both inputs, the differential voltage gain
magnitude is
1.5 Operation
42
Differential Amplifier Circuit

AC Analysis - Common-mode
Common-mode connection
1.5 Operation
E i
i
b
R r
V
I
) 1 ( 2
g, Rearrangin
+ +
=
| E i
c
i
o
v
R r
R
V
V
A
) 1 ( 2 + +
= =
|
|
43
Differential Amplifier Circuit

AC Analysis - Common-mode
i
E b i
b
r
R I V
I
) 1 ( 2 +
=
|
E i
c i
c b c c o
R r
R V
R I R I V
) 1 ( 2
1
+ +
= = =
|
|
|