THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

Forms the body framework Enables the body to move Protects and supports internal organs

Structure and Function

Bones Bones Composed of Osteoblasts are osseous tissue bone-forming cells

Consists of a rich supply of blood vessels and nerves Osteoclasts are responsible for reabsorbing dead bone tissue

Bone cells are called osteocytes

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Ossification Bones
The development of osteocytes and the hardening process is called ossification.
Ossification depends on:

calcium

vitamin D phosphorus
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The adult skeleton has 206 bones. Common Bone Categories Long bones Irregular bones (Femur) (Vertebrae) Short bones (Wrist bones) Flat bones (Skull) Sesamoid bones (Kneecap)
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Common Bone Categories Bones

Parts of long bones: The shaft is the longest portion also called the diaphysis.

Parts ofBones Long Bones

The ends are called the epiphysis.

Space between the epiphyses and the diaphysis is called the metaphysis.
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Articular cartilage

Spongy bone Epiphyseal disks Proximal epiphysis

Parts of a long bone

Articular cartilage is a thin flexible substance that provides protection at movable points. Medullary cavity contains yellow bone marrow. Red bone marrow is found in infant bones and the flat bones of adults.

Parts of Long Bones Part 2

Space containing red marrow Compact bone Medullary cavity

Yellow marrow Periosteum

Diaphysis

Distal epiphysis

Femur

Temporal Bones
Frontal Sphenoid

Cranial Bones Cranial

Parietal
Ethmoid

Occipital

Sinuses are cavities that reduce the Sinuses weight of a bone. Frontal sinuses

Ethmoid sinuses
Maxillary sinuses Sphenoid sinuses
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FacialBones Bones Facial

Zygomatic bone Maxillary bones Mandible Palatine bone

Lacrimal bone Ethmoid bone Nasal bones

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Spinal Column Spinal

Column Cervical = 7
Thoracic = 12 Lumbar = 5 Sacrum = 5 Coccyx = 1
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Consists of five sets of vertebrae

Clavicle Scapula

Bones Chest Bonesof ofthe the Chest

True ribs False ribs Floating ribs

Sternum

The chest cavity is also referred to as the thoracic cavity.

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of the Bones of Bones the Pelvis

Pelvis ilium
ischium pubes pelvic cavity

The pubic symphysis is where both pubic bones join. 13

Bones Bones of of the the Extremities Extremities

Upper Arm Humerus Lower Arm Ulna Radius Hand and Fingers Carpals (wrist) Metacarpals (palm) Phalanges (fingers)
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Upper Leg Femur

Bones of of the the Extremities Extremities Part (Contd) Bones 2

Lower leg Tibia (shin) Fibula Patella (kneecap)

Feet and Toes Tarsals Calcaneus (heel) Metatarsals Phalanges

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Amphiarthroses Joints Diarthroses Moves slightly Moves freely Joints (articulations)

Synarthroses No movement

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Tendons and Ligaments Tendons, Ligaments & Bursae

Tendons are bands of fibrous tissue that connect muscles to bone. Ligaments connect bones to other bones. A joint lubricator (synovial fluid) helps synovial joints move easier. Bursae are fluid-filled sacs that act as cushions to reduce friction.
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Muscles contract (shorten) and extend to provide body movement. Types of Muscles Voluntary (skeletal)

Muscles

Involuntary (smooth or visceral) Cardiac

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Muscles Fascia Most muscles are

covered by a band of connective tissue called fascia, that supports the muscle.

Muscles

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Lift up your right forarm to flex your Muscles Origin or Insertion bicep brachii as if making a fist. Identify the origin and insertion attachment by agreeing with one of the following statements:

The radius is the origin and the scapula is the insertion. ---OR--The scapula is the origin and the radius is the insertion.

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Combining Forms forms Match the following combining and meanings.

ankyl (o) heel

arthr (o)
brachi (o) calcane (o)

bent
joint arm
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Match Combining the following combining Forms Part 2forms and meanings.

carp (o)
cephal (o) chondr (o)

cartilage
hump head

dactyl (o)
kyph (o)

wrist
fingers, toes
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Forms Part 3forms Match Combining the following combining and meanings. foot my (o) finger or toe bone myel (o) muscle pod (o) bone oste (o) spinal cord; bone phalang (o) marrow 23

Match Combining the following combining Forms Part 4forms and meanings. curved rachi (o) scoli (o) spondyl (o) vertebra spine

ten (o)
uln (o)

ulnar
tendon
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Medical specialists that treat disorders of the musculoskeletal system:

Diagnostic, Procedural, and Laboratory Tests

Orthopedists
Osteopaths Rheumatologists

Podiatrists
Chiropractors

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Diagnostic, Procedural, and Laboratory Tests Pt 2

Performing internal examinations or the use of x-rays, scans, and radiographs are often required to diagnose bone and 26 muscle ailments.

Arthrography
Arthroscopy Diskography

Diagnostic, Procedural, and Laboratory Tests Pt 3

Electromyogram Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Computed tomography (CT)

Myelography
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Diagnostic, Procedural, and Laboratory Tests Pt 4 levels Laboratory tests measure the
of substances found in some musculoskeletal disorders.
Rheumatoid factor test Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) Common laboratory tests Calcium

Phosphorus
Uric acid
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Other Tests

Diagnostic, Procedural, and Laboratory Tests Pt 5

Goniometer -Tests for ROM Densitometer -Measures bone density

Goniometer
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Causes of musculoskeletal disorders Birth defects

Pathology

Injury
Degenerative disease Systemic disorders
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Types of fractures

Pathology Part 2

Complex

Incomplete

Comminuted

Greenstick

Simple (closed) Compound (open)

Colles

Impacted

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Injury or trauma to the joints or muscle may cause a sprain. Overuse of a muscle may cause a strain. Other conditions: Tendinitis Dislocation Subluxation Osteoporosis
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Pathology Part 3

Musculoskeletal Pain and Discomfort Osteoalgia Myalgia Arthralgia Arthritis Tetany

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Pathology Part 4

Terms Almost anySurgical major part of the musculoskeletal system can now be surgically repaired.
Supportive devices

Cast
Splints

Traction
Prosthetic devices

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Surgical Reduction is the Terms return Part of a 2 part to its normal position.
Osteoplasty is repair of a bone. Tenotomy is the cutting into a tendon to repair a muscle (myoplasty).

Arthroplasty is repair of a joint.

Laminectomy is removal of part of a spinal disk. 35

Pharmacology

Most medications treat symptoms and not the cause of musculoskeletal discomfort.
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Pharmacology Part 2 Common medications for the

Musculoskeletal System Analgesics

Steroids
Muscle Relaxants NSAIDS
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Apply Your Knowledge Mrs. Jones is concerned

with the soft spots she feels on her babys head. You realize the medical term for these soft spots is: A. Fontanelle B. Fissure C. Foramen

A. Fontanelle
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& Trunk Apply Your Head Knowledge Part 2 Arms & Legs

Identify the axial and appendicular portions of the skeleton.

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Mary is complaining of headache, Apply Your Knowledge Part 3 stuffy nose and pressure with facial discomfort. Her physician tells her she has allergies. Which of the following conditions might she be experiencing? A. fracture of her vomer B. sinusitis C. stroke B. sinusitis
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Relieves pain Apply Your Knowledge Part 4 A. steroids Reduces swelling B. analgesics

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Relieves stiffness

C. muscle relaxants

Match the correct medication 41 with its action.