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28, 2013,
CERN)
Outline
Why TMSR Th-E @ TMSR Status and Progress
Outline
Why TMSR Th-E @ TMSR Status and Progress
The coal accounts for about 70% Chinas 0f total energy consumption.
CO 2 emissions 33,376,327 9,700,000 5,420,000 1,970,000 1,830,000 1,240,000 810,000 610,000 560,000
Emission / Person 4.9 7.2 17.3 2 12.8 9.8 9.9 12.6 16.2
EDGAR (database created by European Commission and Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency) released 2011 estimates. The following table is lists the 2011 estimate of annual CO2 emissions estimates (in thousands of CO2 tonnes) from these estimates along with a list of emissions per capita (in tonnes of CO2 per year) from same
Adopting non-water cooled power generation technology is a viable Data and pictures from Bloomberg New Energy Finance Report, March 25, 2013 solution.
Hydrogen Production Using Nuclear Energy and Carbon Dioxide Hydrogenation to Methanol
On May 23, 2009, a pilot plant at the Mitsui Chemicals Osaka Works became the first site in the world to synthesize methanol from its carbon dioxide (CO2) exhaust.
1. 2. 3. 4.
Carbon neutral cycle based on methanol is one way to solve energy and environment problems. Methanol producing from CO2 and H2 is the optional technology. Hydrogen does not exist naturally, should get from clean energy without CO2 emission. The efficiency of methanol production from CO2 should be improved.
Why G IV
Safe
Residual heat will be removed with active cooling system in GIII Residual heat will be removed with passive cooling system in GIV (natural cycle), aiming to inherent safe.
Substanable
Fuel availability is 1 2% in GIII; Fuel availability is large than 10% in GIV, aiming to fully fuel cycle.
Economic:
Output heat is about 300 in GIII Efficiency of therm/electr is about 33%; Output heat is > 500 in GIV the thermoelectric conversion efficiency will be higher and the hybrid application will be possible.
Non-proliferation
The proliferation is comtrolled by man-power (politic, economic , military) in GIII; Proliferation resistance is physical in GIV.
About Thorium
CONCLUSION C.Rubia
Unlike other energy sources, Chinas reserves of Thorium, may ensure the major domestic energetic supply for many centuries to come. For instance the whole Chinas today electricity (3.2 Trillion kWh/year) could be produced during 20000 years by well optimized Th reactors and 8,9 million ton of Th, a by-product of the China's REE basic reserves. Possible Th232/U233 methods
Molten salt
Liquid sodium
Liquid lead
Thermal region
Fast region
=2
only fast neutron is suitable to U238/Pu239
TMSR
- core 1-2- safety rod - reflector 3- regulating rod - reflector cover 4- shim rod - protection wall 5-6- backup safety rod S- neutron source 7-8-9- BF3 neutron (100mCi Ra-Be) counter
1972-1975, in SINAP about 400 scientists and engineers designed the Qinshan 300 MWe (Qinshan NPP-I), which has been operating since 1991.
Thorium/ MSR
TMSR-SF: partly utilization of Thorium TMSR-LF: Realize full close Th-U cycle
Th-based fuel
Thorium Molten Salt Reactor Abundant Safety nuclear energy system Minimized n-waste High Temp. Non-proliferation Water-Free
Fluoride-coolin
Outline
Why TMSR Th-E @ TMSR Status and Progress
100MW S-TMSR,
2MW S-TMSR Exp. reactor
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
Nuclear power plant Hydrogen production with high temperature nuclear power Xiaohan Yu
TMSR WBS(0)
2. 2. MoltenMoltenSalt Salt Chem. Chem. &Eng. &Eng. 3. 3. Th-U Th-U Radioactiv Radioactiv e e Chem. Chem. &Eng. &Eng.
4. 4. Nuclear Nuclear Power Power Material Material & & Eng .. Eng
1. 1. Reactor Reactor Phys. Phys. &Eng. &Eng. 0. 0. supporting supporting facilities facilities
25 2011/6/1
Techniques for hydrogen producing Methanol producing from CO2 and H2 CSP techniques
Outline
Why TMSR Th-E @ TMSR Status and Progress
TMSR Schedules
, 126
, 67
, 55
Reactor Physics
Physical Design Th-U Fuel Physics Calculation Physics Non-electricity Appl. Thermo-hydraulics
Chemistry and Radioactive Radiation Construction and Reactor Materials Nuclear Safety Engineering Chemistry and Chemistry Installation and Engineering and Engineering of Molten Salt Engineering and Technology Engineering
Molten Salt Chemistry
Structure Mechanics
Reactor Control
Reactor Measurement
Reactor Technics
Chemical Safety
Alloy Materials
Carbon Materials
Material Physics
Dry Reprocessing
Aqueous Reprocessing
Radiochemical Facility
Nuclear Safety
Radiation Safety
Waste processing
Quality Assurance
Polymor Radiation
Radiation Application
Producing and Chemistry Processing and Refining Circle System and thermotechnical Platform of Producing and Refining Exp. Platform of Molten Salts Circle System Thermoelectric conversion
Producing of ThF4 Chemical Process in TMSR On-line Dry-process Wet-process of Fuel Platform of Fuel Circle
Engineering Physics of Materials Structural Materials Other TMSR Materials Fabricating and Processing platform Evaluating and Testing platform High temperature electrolysis
Nuclear Safety Radiation Safety Wastes Processing Nuclear Health and Environment Research Platform
Building Technics
Utility
The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Nuclear Energy Cooperation Memorandum of Understanding (MOU)
Organizational Overview
Hongjie Xu (SINAP, CAS) Weiguang Huang (SARI,CAS) Cecil Parks (ORNL) Charles Forsberg (MIT)
SINAP :Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics SARI: Shanghai Advanced Research Institute ORNL: Oak Ridge National Laboratory INL: Idaho National Laboratory MIT: Massachusetts Institute of Technology UC-Berkeley: University of California at Berkeley
Application of Th-U fuel cycle in TMSR (1GWth) TMSR-SF: thorium utilization with high burnup TMSR-LF: breeding of 233U TMSFR-LF: transmute spent nuclear fuel
TMSR-LF with online processing can significantly improve the fuel utilization.
TMSR-SF has far higher radiotoxicity than TMSR-LF, but still lower than traditional PWR.
Higher burnup of TMSR-SF to save uranium resource. TMSR-LF and TMSFR-LF to realize self-sustaining and produce U-233. TMSFR-LF is optimized for transmutation. A Combination of TMSRs to realize self-sustaining Th-U fuel cycle and nuclear waste minimization.
From partition flow pebble bed design to No-partition ordered pebble bed design
Value
6.0 cm 11043 432 185 cm 111cm 114.9 cm 300.0 cm 260.0 cm 65.0 cm 50.0 cm 73.5 cm
Ordered-bed active core. Control rods: 12 regulating rods , 4 safety rods. Other channel:1 neutron source channel, 3 experimental channels.
1.20E+ 014 1.10E+ 014 1.00E+ 014 9.00E+ 013 8.00E+ 013 7.00E+ 013 6.00E+ 013 5.00E+ 013 4.00E+ 013 3.00E+ 013 2.00E+ 013 1.00E+ 013 0.00E+ 000 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20
10 10
56 42 28 1.750 2.333 2.917 3.208 3.500 3.792 4.083 4.375 4.448 4.521 4.667 4.740 4.958 5.031 5.141 5.250 5.469 5.542 5.688 5.833 6.125 6.271 6.417 7.000
6
Y cm
14 0 -14 -28
-42
-28
-14
14
28
42
56
40
60
0 80
Xcm
X (cm)
Neutron Spectra
20 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
3
5.5
6.0
6.5
( W / cm)
Thermal neutron flux raised near reflector. Fast neutron flux dropped very fast near reflector. Because control rod is inserted, peak of power and flux shifts to the lower active core.
z ( cm
Nuclear reaction
Uncertainties of nuclear data, uncertainty of keff, sensitivity coefficient and their relations are demonstated in the left figure.
cn U Sensitivity coefficient
Value
100 MW 45 MW 20 MW/m3 3 cm 2LiF-BeF2 650 / 700 470 kg 15% 4.9 m3 1.9 m 1.8 m
Consideration
Economic demonstation Safety demonstation Technology R&D Ability of design, building, operation and management
U235 enrichment
Volume of active core Height of active core Diameter of active core
Value
1 GW 45 MW 10.1 MW/m3 6 cm 2LiF-BeF2 600 / 710 7t 13.5% 99 m3 4.8 m ~5 m 98 GWD/tU
480 700 248
350
Consideration
Ordered-bed Utilize current fuel pebble Use via hole formed in orderedbed for reactivity control system
U235 enrichment
Volume of active core Height of active core Diameter of active core Max burnup
Mid-term
establish a process line with tons class for nuclear-grade ThF4 and ThO2 Establish Th-U fuel cycle system
Limited Uranium
TRISO
No limit
-60%
HT Reacto r
Electric Power
HT Hydrogen Prod.
2016
Fluorination
Fluorides of Th,U,FPs
1
FPs
Distillatio n
LiF BeF2
Th,Pa
2 ElectroElectroseparation separation
Aqueous reprocessi ng
Th,U,FPs
LiF-BeF2-UF4ThF4
Fuel reconstruction
U Th
Main advantages
Recycle U and carrier salt as soon as possible base on pyroprocessing to minimize the out-of-reactor inventory and maximize the utilization of fuel Simplify the process by combining with aqueous processing
276 Volume: 1L Max. Temperature: 600 F2 flow: 10ml 1l/min Main constituents: Gas supply system Gas preheater Fluorinator absorb traps Off-gas system
UO2F2
55
trap (150 ) for Pu removal NaF trap (350) for Ru and Nb MgF2 trap (125) for Nb, Mo and Sb BaF2 trap (125)for Ru and
Purification of UF6
showed that carrier salt and rare earth fluorides could be separated efficiently In present conditions, the highest recovery ratio was about 95%, and no significant corrosion was Vertical distillation device NdF3 Relative observed
residue 83 74 45 FLiNaKNdF3 0.2wt% FLiNaKNdF3 1.6wt% FLiNaKNdF3 3.0wt%
Residue Recovery
Feasibility study of distillation process Primary results using a simple distillation device
Li recycling by HF Dissolution
Fluorides LiF ThF4 UF4 Solubility in 90% HF (mg/g) 90 0.03 0.005~0.010
Pyrohydrolysis
ThF4, UF4 can be completely converted to oxides @450 C while RE and Sr, Cs can not.
Th-U co-extraction
>99.9% of Th and U can be extracted together with 30% TBP from their solution in 3 M HNO3 with a decontaminatio