COMPUTER-AIDED  DRAFTING  (CAD)  and  COMPUTER-

AIDED DESIGN  AND  DRAFTING  (CADD):  

Using  computer  techniques  with  the aid of graphic data

processing systems to graphically express or solve technical
equations is called CAD or CADD.

ENGINEERING  DRAWINGS  and  ENGINEERING  DRAFTING:  

Drawings used in technical work or industrial

production are referred to as engineering drawings.  The
 terms  working drawings  and  machine  drawings  are also
used in reference to engineering drawings.

ENGINEERING  GRAPHICS  or  ENGINEERING  DESIGN

 GRAPHICS:

Engineering graphics or engineering design graphics refers

to the design and specifications for physical objects and
data relationships as in engineering and science..
 Line Conventions Introduction Line conventions
Centerlines The widths and construction of the lines you use in
making a drawing are important  to  interpreting  the  drawing.
 Line configurations and the meanings assigned to these
configurations are known  as  line conventions.  
 Line  conventions  convey  information  as succinctly as a
physical example of the object itself.    The  appropriate  use  of
standard line conventions enables fabricators to replicate
objects based solely on your drawing.

Centerlines
 Lines that indicate the center of an object or shape are called
centerlines. Centerlines are often the first lines drawn and serve
to position images on paper.  Sometimes,  measurements  use
 centerlines  as  a  
common  point  of reference.  
Visible lines
Any lines visible in a view that define edges or outlines of
objects are drawn with  lines  referred  to  as  visible lines.
 Visible  lines  are  drawn  as  solid,  thick lines. In drawings
that do not have cutting planes, visible lines will be the
thickest lines drawn.
 Hidden lines
Lines not readily apparent in a view of an object are hidden
lines. Hidden lines are evenly-spaced, short dashes that
begin and end as a dash in contact with the line from which
it starts and stops.   The exception being when it is a
continuation of an unbroken line.

•Extension lines
Extension lines are thin lines that extend from the object outline or
point on the object to a place outside the image area.
Extension lines define areas for dimensions. You should leave a 1/16" gap
between the object outline or point on the object and the beginning of the
extension line. Extension lines project 1/8" beyond the outermost dimension
line. Extension and dimension lines are drawn at right angles to each other.
 Dimension lines
Lines that define the parameters of a dimension are called
dimension lines. Dimension  lines  are  thin  lines
 terminating  in  arrowheads.  Place  dimension lines  no
 closer  than  3/8"  from  the  object  outline.  Parallel
 dimension  lines should be a minimum of 1/4" apart.    You
may place parallel dimension lines more than 1/4" apart so
long as the spacing between dimension lines is uniform
 throughout  the  drawing.  Dimension  lines  are  generally
 broken  in the center of the line to provide a space for the
dimension figure.
When indicating the radius of an arc or circle, place the arrowhead at the end .
of the dimension line that touches the object outline.
The end of the dimension line terminates at the centerline of the arc or circle.
 Break lines
When an extended part of an object has a continuous shape
and size, you can save space by abbreviating the object
using zigzag or wavy lines.    These zigzag or wavy lines are
called break lines because you figuratively break away an
unimportant segment of an object.    The two types of break
lines are long break lines and short break lines.
LONG  BREAK  LINES:  
Long  break  lines  are  ruled  lines  with  freehand zigzags
that reduce the size of the drawing required to delineate an
object and reduce detail.

SHORT BREAK LINES:  

 To indicate a short break in an object, use thick, solid, wavy
freehand lines. Rods, tubes, and bars have additional
conventions that not only break their length but also imply
the material or texture of the object.
 Viewing or cutting plane lines
To give a clearer view of obscure or oblique planes and
interior or hidden features of an object that cannot be
clearly observed in a conventional outside view.
  use  viewing  or  cutting  plane  lines  respectively.  Viewing
 or  cutting plane lines are the thickest of all lines.    Viewing
or cutting plane lines are solid lines.   Only when the cutting
plane line is offset does the line appear as thick,  short
 dashes.
VIEWING PLANE LINES: Viewing plane lines indicate the
plane or planes from which a surface or several surfaces are
viewed. CUTTING PLANE LINES: Cutting plane lines indicate
a plane or planes exposed by cutting and removing an
imaginary section of the object. The exposed plane is called
the sectional view and the line used to cut the object is
referred to as the cutting plane line.    
 Cutting plane lines, together with arrowheads and letters,
make up the  cutting plane  indications.   Arrowheads at the
end of cutting plane lines indicate the direction from which
you view the section.    The cutting plane may be a simple,
continuous plane, or it may be offset to show the interior
detail to better advantage. Identify all cutting plane
indications by the use of  reference letters placed at the
point of the arrowheads.  
Dimensions
 Types  of dimensions Two general types of dimensions
are size dimensions and location dimensions.    
 Size dimensions define the size of the simple geometric
shapes within a part.    An example of a size dimension is
the diameter of a hole or the width of a slot.   
  Location dimensions define the location of these geometric
shapes in relation to each other.    An example of location
dimensions is how far apart holes or slots are from each
other.
 Two ANSI approved systems indicate dimensions on
drawings: the aligned dimension  and the  unidirectional
 dimension  system
 Various  characteristics  and  features  of  parts  require
 unique  methods  of dimensioning.  
 These  special  situations  include  diameters,  radii,
 rounded corners  and  ends,  round,  slotted,  counterbored,
 countersunk,  and counterdrilled  holes,  spot-facing,  and
 chamfers. Counterbored holes (CBORE) are holes of
different depths that share concentric
centers.
Countersunk (CSK) and counterdrilled
holes (CDRILL)
are two holes drilled and at different
depths that
share a common center
VIEWS
 A view is an image that results when an observer looks
perpendicularly toward one face of an object and obtains a
true view of the size and shape of that side. This one view
provides only two of the three principal dimensions (width,
height, and depth) of an object.    You find the third
dimension in an adjacent view.    
 Sectional views To produce a sectional view, an imaginary
plane, called the cutting plane, cuts through the object and
the two halves are separated to expose the interior
construction.    The direction of sight may be toward the
right or left half, while you disregard the portion of the
object nearest the observer. Use a cutting plane line or
viewing plane line to indicate the cutting plane and the
direction of sight