FRONTING AND INVERSION By kelompok 7 & 8

Dinthan Sofi Iqbal Adnan Krisna Adamsyah M. Ganang Wira

FRONTING

WHAT IS FRONTING ??

Fronting refers to the initial placement of core elements which are normally found in postverbal position. (Longman Book , P 900)

WHAT ARE THE MAIN FUNCTIONS OF FRONTING ?

Organizing information flow to achieve cohesion Expressing contrast Enabling particular elements to gain emphasis

FRONTED OBJECTS AND OTHER NOMINALS

a. Noun Phrases as fronted objects 1. Sandy moves ahead. This I do not understand, he said 2. Such a blunder I had now committed in these examples it will be difficult to determine which word should be stressed if we dont use fronting.

B. Complement clauses as fronted objects

1. Why he came this way I will probably never know

2. How he would use that knowledge he could not guess

It contains pronouns referring back to the preceding text, also signalling a connection with information though they contain substantial new information.

C. Fronted nominals in general

1. Questions whether they can prove it. That I tend to doubt.

This one is a direct object of an embedded infinitive clause.

2. Pretty strange , huh ? that it is . I nod sadly.

This one contains subject predicative .

3. Whether Nancy was there or not , she could not be certain , looking from one to the other in her minds eye.

It illustrates a fronted nominal clause functioning as adjective complement.

D. Single-focus structure
Only one saucepan we had !- and it was stew every day if we didnt go out for dinner

in this case , fronting would typically be focus on the non-fronted part of the clause , often the verb as well

Fronted Predicatives
A. Predicative fronting with subject-verb inversion B. Special cases of predicative fronting C. Fronting of predicative with subject-verb order D. Fronted object vs. Predicatives

A. Predicative fronting with subjectverb inversion

Subject predicatives in initial position generally contain an element of comparison to the preceding context, so it forms a cohesive link
1. Far more serious were [the severe head injuries] in particular a bruising of the brain

B. Special cases of predicative fronting

1. The more general the domain , the more general , selective and tentative are [the statements about its style] 2. the larger the base the easier[it[ will be to perform the action

The first group contains proportion clause combination marked by the , where fronting of the correlative phrases almost always occurs.

C. Fronting of predicatives with subject-verb order

1. They tiles. Horrible they are ! 2. Bloody amazing it was !

The subject is an unstressed pronoun and strengthened by the choice of words

D. Fronted objects v. predicatives

The choice to front objects or predicatives is different

Object fronting is chosen when there is a communicative need to emphasize or contrast a cause element Predicative fronting chosen to maintain cohesiveness

FRONTED INFINITIVE PREDICATES

1. I had said he would come down and come down he did 2. but , as he said , it had to be borne , and bear it he did

It refers to a situation where infinitive predicates may be fronted when they repeat a previous verb

Fronted ed and ing predicates

A. Fronted ed predicates

B. Fronted ing predicates

A. Fronted ed predicates
1. Nothing on the walls , with one exception : Tacked over the bed was [a yellowed, deckel-edged photograph]. 2. also billed to appear as a special mystery guest is.

It occurs in order to get balance of weight between the fronted element and the subject .

Fronted ing predicates

1. coming to Belfest this month are [The Breeders and Levellers] , while next month sees Jethro Tull in Town. 2. Standing on the sand is a beach hut built like a mini-mosque.

The fronted ing predicates regularly open with elements conveying given information and it ends by new information.

Fronting in independent clauses

1. [Try as she might to make it otherwise] , the sycamores beat out the children every time and she could not forgive her memory for that 2. [ Astounded though she was] , Fransesca was thrilled and excited.

It is restricted to special structures with the subordinators as and though and completely regular in wh- clauses.

Fronting in exclamations
1. Such a gift he had for gesture. He looked like a king in exile 2. How brave you are ! 3. Out went the light ! The exclamation marks reflect the similiarity in speech act function. It also may express irony and sarcasm.

INVERSION
Inversion is the reversal of the normal word order in a sentence or phrase. There are two types of inversion: 1. subject-verb inversion, where the subject and the main verb switch positions 2. the word order becomes verb + subject: On the top of the hill stood an old oak tree.

After (mainly place) adverbial in initial position. Conditions: The Subject must be realized as a noun phrase, and should generally be longer than the Verb. Inserting existential there is sometimes possible. Ex : Here is a diesel-engine car that will out-gun many of its petrol-engine rivals. Here lies the greatest pleasure of greenhouse gardening. After adverbial particle in initial position. The door opened, and in marched the minister himself After fronted -ing or -ed clause which denotes existence/appearance standing looking out at the daylight is the cop In reporting clauses after direct speech And what about all the rubbish, then? asked the woman. (or: ...the woman asked)

Inversion with adverbials, adverbs of time

When we use an adverbial of place or position in front position with the verb be, we put the verb before the subject. We call this pattern inversion
Peter and Anna were planning their wedding. Peter made a list of people to invite. At the bottom were Annas parents. Inversion allows us to put new information at the end of the sentence We can use this pattern with adverbs of time such as next, then, first, now, finally, etc. Ex : she had a string of bad news. First, his son lost his job.Next came the news of her husbands accident. And finally, her father had an heart attack.

subject-auxiliary inversion
subject-auxiliary inversion, where the subject and the auxiliary switch positions and the word order becomes auxiliary + subject (+ verb):
Hardly had I arrived home when my phone rang. When does the bus leave? You're hungry, aren't you?

After negative sentence opener (Obligatory) Not until men first charted the stars thousands of years ago, and linked their fates with events in the sky, did personal birthdays become important. (Birthdays did not become important until ) Note: no inversion after negative sentence openers which do not affect the verb: Not long after that, I knew I must go to China. After restrictive sentence opener (Obligatory) Only rarely were women doing similar work to men.

After initial proform so, or so + adjective or adverb (The gate makes a lot of noise when we open it.) So does the back door, where we all go in and out.