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The Internet has it’s root in the ARPANET system of the Advanced
research Project Agency of the US Department of Defence . ARPANET was
the first WAN (Wide Area Network) and had only four sites in 1969.
In the 1980s the National Science Foundation of USA officially created the
Internet.
Intranet is the Interconnection between the computers cited at the remote
locations pertaining to only one organization.
Services Provided by the Internet
E-mail : E-mail provides a mechanism for groups of people who have
common interests to establish and maintain contact.
FTP : FTP is an abbreviation for File Transfer Protocol. FTP is used to send
a copy of a file from a one computer to another. The files can be sent across
using FTP include spreadsheets , digitized pictures , sound files , programs
, word – processed files etc.
TELNET : This service allows you to log-on to a remote machine , on which
you have your account.
Usenet Newsgroups : There are many ways to meet people and share
information – using Internet. One such way is Usenet newsgroups. These
are special groups set up by people who want to share common interests
ranging from current topics to cultural heritage. There are currently
thousand of newsgroups.
Network can be classified into two
categories:
Point to Point channel network : The two computers that
are not connected by a cable can communicate only via
other intermediate components. The information is
stored in its entirety and later forwarded when the line is
free. This is also called as packet switching.
Broadcast channel network : A single channel will be shared by all
the machines on the network. There is an address field within the
message that specifies the destination. This network is called
multidrop network.
Three most commonly used networks
are
LAN: Uses broadcast channel for communication. Spans
an area of not more than a few kilometers. Atotal data
rate of several mbps. Owned by a single organization.
WAN : Uses point to point links. Spans the entire
country. Has a data rate below 1 Mbps. Owned by
multiple organizations.
MAN : This lies between LAN and WAN. Uses LAN
technology. Spans the entire city.
TOPOLOGIES
Star : A central hub is connected to various computers. The hub is in complete control
of all computers and is responsible for routing traffic. It is easy to identify the fault
points by isolating the lines.
Hierarchical : Also known as vertical network or tree network. The computer at the
highest level of hierarchy is in control of the network. Any number of subordinate
computers can be added to the network.
Bus : A single station broadcasts to multiple stations. Only one communication
channel exists for all the devices on the network. If the main communication channel
fails , the entire network crashes. It is difficult to isolate faults to one particular
component that is connected to the bus. This is used in LAN.
Ring : It is widely used for network configuration. Data flow is in one direction only.
One computer receives the signal and relays it to the next computer on the ring. It is a
major drawback because if a channel between two nodes fails , the network is lost.
We can build bypass switches to avoid such failures.
Global Reach / Penetration of
Interactive Services:
Total internet users in Europe and in the World: [Internet World Stats, January 2006]
Europe: 290,121,957
World: 1,018,057,389
Each computer has a number that tells you many things about it. On
the internet each machine is assigned a host number which is a 32-
bit binary number: four numbers separated by dots.
Addresses for Internet information packets have four fields that
contain numbers and are separated by periods. For example,
100.35.04.15 is an IP address. However, people generally can
remember names better than numbers, so it is convenient to
associate a name with such an IP address. In this case, the
corresponding name is www.arsdcollege.net.
The Naming System