Submitted by SHANTI KUMARI Entry no.

2013TTF2771 Course : Theory and practice of textile finishing (TTL742)

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Introduction
The requirement to render the surface of a number of

products self-cleaning or at least easy-to-clean is an important general issue in a vast range of technologies. Such a distinguished property would substantially enhance the utility value of the products and would improve the environment quality. There are several approaches of declaring a surface to be self cleaning.

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Mechanism of self cleaning

The Lotus effect Photocatalytic coatings Easy to clean finishing

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The Lotus effect

Papillae

Asperities

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The Lotus effect

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The Lotus effect

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Photocatalytic coatings
CO2

eO2
Organi c compo und

Conduction band

BAND GAP OH

+ e surface coated with TiO2 Fabric

h+
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valence band

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Easy to clean finishing

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Manufacturing methods
There are several methods of rendering a textile surface self cleaning, some of which are :
Surface roughening Photocatalytic coating By applying self cleaning finishes

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Surface roughening
For textiles , the most efficient method of surface

roughening is applying silver nano particles onto it.

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Photocatalytic coating
Application of photocatalytic coating involves two steps :
Preparation of TiO2 sol
Application of TiO2 sol onto the fabric

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Titanium iso propoxide

Acidic water (containing 0.2 % HCl and 0.2 % acetic acid under mechanical stirring
60 deg for 16 hr with continuous stirring

5 times deionized water 1% softener Fabric A P P LI C A TI O N

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Dipping

TiO2 sol Padding Drying Curing

P R E P A R A T I O N

TiO2 coated fabric

Stain decomposition test with (1) coffee stain , (2) red wine stain (3) curry stain , (a) controlled sample, (b) treated sample after 0 h, rinsing, 4 h, 10 washing and 20 washing.

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Table : Staining grades of coffee, red wine and curry stains

Stains Stain grades 0 h Rinsed 4h 10 20 irradiation Washing Washin g 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2.5 2.5 5 2 5 2.5 5 4.5 4 4.5 3.5 3 3.5

Controlled cotton TiO2 treated cotton Red wine Controlled stain cotton TiO2 treated cotton Curry stain Controlled cotton TiO2 treated Shanti Kumari @IITD cotton

Coffee stain

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Easy to clean (ETC) finishes

Easy to clean finishes are actually nano coating of

silicone di oxide.
This innovative water repellent nano-coating for

textiles protects almost any type of textile from water, dirt, contamination and stains whilst remaining totally invisible.
It will not affect the appearance, its ability to breath,

its colour or handle and is easy to maintain.

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ETC finishes :
Examples of use: Clothing Household textiles (pillows, furniture), carpets Suede/leather Paper, cardboard Wood

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ETC finishes :
Other properties: Food-safe (inert) Permanent (UV-stable, very resistant to abrasion) Temperature resistant Breathable Simple application Washing and cleaning agent resistant

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Areas of application of self cleaning finishes

Medical textiles e.g. Hospital garments Sport tech e.g. Athletic wear

Defense textile e.g. Military uniforms

Smart textiles Upholstery

Under garments

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Some market products with self cleaning Schoeller Nanosphere technology :

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Advantages of self cleaning finishes :

Generally speaking easy to clean surfaces are less

susceptible to dirt accumulation. The benefit: stress free and easy cleaning, saves time and cost. Reduces water consumption. Reduces energy consumption to be involved in frequent washing.

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Limitations of self cleaning finishes:

TiO2 nanoparticles increases DNA strand breaks,

frequency of DNA deletion, induces micronuclie, oxidative DNA damage. The droplets dry individually, leaving behind dirt residues although these are easy to remove. When only a small amount of water is involved, droplets of run off water can form runaways, It is therefore necessary to consider where and how the easy-to-clean function should best be employed.
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Future developments :
Multilayer assembly of TiO2 nano particles and

polyethylene glycol in search of a super hydrophilic surface without the use of UV irradiation. Modification of TiO2 in order to achieve visible light photo catalysis . Plenty of opportunities lies in this field using nano finishing , plasma treatment etc.

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Conclusion :
In conclusion, self cleaning is a need of todays

advanced and sustainable growth. Self cleaning not only benefits us technically but also economically by saving the energy and water consumption. The commercial viability of these finishes will be customer driven and will depend on the value addition imparted by these finishes, so the more we improve more feasible will it be in the textile industry.

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References : [1] Vassilia Zorba, Xiaobo Chen and Samuel S. Mao, Super hydrophilic TiO2 surface without photocatalytic activation . Applied Physics Letters 96, 093702 (2010). [2] Reiner Furstner , Wilhelm Bartlett, Christoph Neinhuis and Peter Walzel, Wetting and Self-Cleaning Properties of Artificial Superhydrophobic Surfaces, Langmuir, 21, 956-961 (2005). [3] Bharat Bhushan , Yong Chae Jung, Natural and biomimetic artificial surfaces for superhydrophobicity, self-cleaning, low adhesion and drag reduction. Progress in Materials Science 56 1108 (2011). [4] Jiri Rathousky, Vit Kalousek, Michal Kolar, Jaromir Jirkovsky, Petr Bartak, A study into the self-cleaning surface propertiesThe photocatalytic decomposition of oleic acid. Catalysis Today 161 202208 (2011). [5] A.Mathiazhagan and Rani Joseph, Nanotechnology-A New Prospective in Organic Coating Review. International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, Vol. 2 , No. 4 , 08 ( 2011). [6] Manoj A. Lazar, Jalil K. Tadvani, Wing Sze Tung, Lorena Lopez, Walid A. Daoud, Nanostructured Thin Films as Functional Coatings. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 12 012017 (2010). [7] M L Gulrajani and Deepti Gupta, Emerging techniques for functional finishing of textiles Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research, Vol.36, 388-397 12 (2011).

[8] Walid A. Daoud and Wing Sze Tung, Self-cleaning Fibers via Nanotechnology - A Virtual Reality. IEEE 978-1-4244-2104-6 08 (2008). [9] Shirley Coyle, Yanzhe Wu, King-Tong Lau, Danilo De Rossi, Gordon Wallace and Dermot Diamond, Smart Nanotextiles: A Review of Materials and Applications. MRS bulletin, volume 32, 05 (2007). [10] Kaihong Qi, Xiaowen Wang and John H Xin, Photocatalytic self-cleaning textiles based on nanocrystalline titanium dioxide. Textile Research Journal 0(00) 110 (2010) [11] Mohammad Shateri-Khalilabad , Mohammad E. Yazdanshenas, Ali Etemadifar, Fabricating multifunctional silver nanoparticles-coated cotton fabric. Arabian Journal of Chemistry (still in press) (2013). [12] Deyong Wu , Lianzhi Wang, Xinjian Song , Yuanbin Tan, Enhancing the visible-light-induced photocatalytic activity of the self-cleaning TiO2coated cotton by loading Ag/AgCl nanoparticles. Thin Solid Films 540 3640 (2013). [13] Dariakibanova, Javieracervini-silva and Hugodestallats, Efficiency of ClayTiO2 Nanocomposites on the Photocatalytic Elimination of a Model Hydrophobic Air Pollutant Environ. Sci. Technol. 43, 15001506 (2009). [14] Leyla Budama, Burcin Acar Cakr, Onder Topel , Numan Hoda , A new strategy for producing antibacterial textile surfaces using silver nanoparticles. Chemical Engineering Journal 228 489495 (2013).
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[15] Penwisa Pisitsak, Arnon Samootsoot and Nassarin Chokpanich, Investigation of the Self-cleaning Properties of Cotton Fabrics Finished with Nano-TiO2 and Nano-TiO2 Mixed with Fumed Silica. KKU Res. J. 18(2): 200-211 (2013) [16] J. Kiwi, C. Pulgarin. Innovative self-cleaning and bactericide textiles. Catalysis Today 151 27 (2010). [17] Chutima Srisitthiratkul, Voraluck Pongsorrarith, Narupol Intasanta. The potential use of nanosilver-decorated titanium dioxide nanofibers for toxin decomposition with antimicrobial and self-cleaning properties. Applied Surface Science 257 8850 8856 (2011). [18] JavierMarugan, Paul Christensen, Terry Egerton,2 and Herry Purnama. Influence of the Synthesis pH on the Properties and Activity of Sol-Gel TiO2 Photocatalysts. International Journal of Photoenergy Volume, Article ID 759561, 7 pages (2008). [19] Mohamed Rehan , Andreas Hartwig , Matthias Ott , Linda Gtjen , Ralph Wilken. Enhancement of photocatalytic self-cleaning activity and antimicrobial properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fabrics, Surface & Coatings Technology 219 5058 (2013). [20] Nika Veronovski, Andreja Rudolf, Majda Sfiligoj Smole, Tatjana Kree, and Jelka Gerak. Self-cleaning and Handle Properties of TiO2modified Textiles. Fibers and Polymers Vol.10, No.4, 551-556 (2009).
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[21] Burcin Acar Cakr, Leyla Budama, Onder Topel, Numan Hoda,Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using PS-b-PAA reverse micelle cores for UV protective, self-cleaning and antibacterial textile applications . Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 414 132 139 (2012) . [22] Benedicte Trouiller, Ramune Reliene, Aya Westbrook, Parrisa Solaimani and Robert H. Schiestl, Titanium dioxide nanoparticles induce DNA damage and genetic instability in vivo mice, Molecular Biology, Pathobiology and Genetics Cancer Res 69: (22) (2009). [23] S. Parthiban, Self cleaning garments, A review paper submitted in PSG College of Technology, downloaded on 14th September, (2013). [24] http://www.nanocare-ag.com/textilien/. As downloaded on 16th September, (2013).

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Thank you.

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