CHAPTER FOUR IMMIGRATION

IMMIGRATION, A GLOBAL PHENOMENON

Immigration is a worldwide phenomenon and contributes to globalization as more and more people see the world as their home rather than one specific country.

Immigration is usually generated from countries with lower standards of living. Wars and famine may hasten the movement of many people to neighboring countries. Push/pull factors also come into play An important factor is chain immigration, an immigrant who sponsors several other immigrants and who upon their arrival may still sponsor more.

PATTERNS OF IMMIGRATION
Immigrant numbers have fluctuated over time due mainly to US policy changes; Settlement centers in certain regions and cities; Most significant social force for immigration has been economic; Reception given to immigrants has not always been friendly.

12-13% of todays U.S. population is foreign-born; The majority of todays 38.5 million foreign-born people are from Latin America; California, New York, Texas, Florida, New Jersey and Illinois account for two-thirds of the nations total foreign-born population but less than 40 percent of the nations total population, supporting the uneven settlement across the nation.

EARLY IMMIGRATION
Xenophobia-the fear or hatred of strangers or foreigners, this fear has led to nativismthe beliefs and policies favoring native-born citizens over immigrants; Roman Catholics and the Irish were the first to be ill-treated. The most dramatic outbreak of nativism was in the 19th century, aimed at the Chinese.

THE ANTI-CHINESE MOVEMENT

Sinophobespeople with a fear of anything associated with China; In the early 1880s over 200,000 immigrated to the U.S.; Chinese immigrants help to build the crosscontinental railroad and then faced the Chinese Exclusion Act, outlawing immigration for ten years. This law was extended in 1892 for another ten years.

CONFLICT THEORY

The Chinese were welcomed when their labor skills and endurance were needed to fuel the growth of the U.S. (The railroads) When this labor was no longer needed, the Chinese were then treated unfairly, race and their culture became the critical issue.

CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT

1882- passed by Congress with little debate Outlawed Chinese immigration for 10 years Denied naturalization to those Chinese already in the United States 1892- Congress extended the act for another 10 years

RESTRICTIONIST SENTIMENT INCREASES

After the Exclusion Act- Anti-Japanese feelings grew 1908- Gentlemans agreement: Japan agreed to halt further immigration and the U.S. agreed to end discrimination against those Japanese already in the U.S. Immigration did end, but anti-Japanese feelings did not

THE NATIONAL ORIGIN SYSTEM

established quotas for how many immigrants could enter the U.S. annually; 1965 Immigration and Naturalization Act- set rules for becoming a citizen; Naturalization is the granting of citizenship on a person after birth;

In 2000 & 2006, between 840,000 & 1,270,000 people were admitted legally each year for these reasons: 1. Relatives of citizens- 55%; 2. Relatives of legal residents- 9%; 3. Employment based- 13%; 4. Refugees/people seeking political asylum17%; 5. Diversity (lottery among applications that send few immigrants)-3%; 6. other reasons- 3%.

FIGURE 4.4: LEGAL IMMIGRANTS ADMITTED TO THE US

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CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL CONCERNS

Brain Drainimmigration of skilled workers, professionals and technicians who are desperately needed by their home countries. In the past Brain Drain immigration was mainly from Germany and Great Britain; More recent Brain Drain comes from developing nations, including Pakistan, India, the Philippines and several African nations.

CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL CONCERNS CONT

Mixed-Status Familiesfamilies that include members as citizens and members as non-citizens. Many legal residents limit their daily activities for fear of revealing undocumented members. Language Barriersthe use of two or more languages in places of work or education and the treatment of each language as legitimate is bilingualism. Allowing students to learn in their native language while they learn a second language is called, bilingual education.

FIGURE 4.5: TEN LANGUAGES MOST FREQUENTLY SPOKEN AT HOME

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LANGUAGE CONT
As of 2011, 30 states have made English their official language; Efforts to amend the constitution declaring English as the nation's official language have been made; This would not outlaw bilingual government services but would require certain services be in multiple languages such as voting.

ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION
There are currently more than 11.2 million illegal or unauthorized immigrants in the U.S.; They are pulled by the lure of prosperity and better lives for their children and pushed out of their native lands by unemployment, poverty, etc.

ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION
They are tied to almost every social problem in the nation by the public; Citizens who are Hispanic or Asian may be greeted with distrust and prejudice upon hearing their names, assuming that they are illegal. The vital economic and cultural contributions to the U.S. are and have been overlooked for many years

ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION

Following 9/11, greater control of border traffic took on a new sense of urgency, even though almost all of the men that took over the planes entered the U.S. legally. The Department of Home Land Security also followed 9/11 in of March 2003, formerly know as the INS.

PATH TO CITIZENSHIP:NATURALIZATION

Naturalization- conferring of citizenship on a person after birth. Five general rules for becoming a citizen1. be 18 2. have continually resided in U.S. at least 5 yrs. (3 yrs. for spouse) 3. have good moral character 4. ability to read, speak and understand English 5. pass a test on U.S. government and history

TABLE 4.3: SO YOU WANT TO BE A CITIZEN?

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ECONOMIC IMPACT OF IMMIGRATION

Remittances- (migradollars)monies immigrants return to their country of origin; overall, immigrants adapt well and are an asset to local communities; however in heavy immigration in some areas may drain community resources and competition for low paying jobs.

WOMEN AND IMMIGRATION

Women face all the normal challenges of overseeing their household, plus the added pressure of being in a new country and trying to move ahead in a different culture.

GLOBAL ECONOMY AND IMMIGRATION

Globalizationworldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade, movement of people, and the exchange of ideas.

GLOBAL ECONOMY AND IMMIGRATION

Transnationalsimmigrants that sustain multiple social relationships linking their societies of origin and settlement.

THE ENVIRONMENT AND IMMIGRATION

The environment and immigration are linked; 1. Environmental factors are behind a significant amount of world migrationclimate refugees; 2. Some environmentalists favor reducing or ending the U.S. population growth by imposing more restrictive immigrations policies.

REFUGEES
Refugeespeople living outside their country of citizenship for fear of political or religious persecution; There are about 11 million refugees worldwide; The U.S. makes the largest financial contribution of any nation to worldwide assistance programs for refugees.

CHAPTER 7THE MAKING OF AFRICAN AMERICANS IN A WHITE AMERICA

SLAVERY

CONTEMPORARY INSTITUTIONAL AND INDIVIDUAL RACISM, WHICH IS CENTRAL TO TODAYS CONFLICTS, HAS ITS ORIGINS IN THE INSTIUTTION OF SLAVERY.

THE FIRST TO ARRIVE

1619- 20 Africans arrived in Jamestown and were indentured servants; Their children were free people at birth; By 1660, the British colonies passed laws and slavery began in North America.

SLAVE CODES
Slavery in the U.S. was based on 5 central conditions: 1) Slavery was for life; 2) The status was inherited; 3) Slaves were considered property; 4) Slaves were denied rights; 5) Oppression was used to maintain the system.

Salve codeswere laws that defined the low position of slaves in the U.S. (Page 176- 13 common features of slave codes) The slave family had no standing in lawmarriages were not recognized; Slaves did mange to maintain a strong religious tradition. Church was the only social institution they were allowed to participate in; however they were forbidden to practice their native religion.

AFRICAN AMERICANS AND AFRICA

The survival of African culture can be most easily documented in folklore, religion, language and music; Research has identified remnants of grammar and sentence construction in the speech patterns of low-income and rural blacks; Ebonics is the distinctive dialect, with complex language structure, that is found among black Americans

EBONICS

Minny near bout the best cook in Hinds County, maybe even all a Mississippi. The Junior League Benefit come around ever fall and they be wanting her to make ten caramel cakes to auction off. She ought a be the most sought-after help in the state. Problem is, Minny got a mouth on her. She always talking back. One day it be the white manager a the Jitney Jungle grocery, next day it be her husband, and ever day its gone be the white lady she waiting on. The only reason she waiting on Miss Walter is Miss Walter be deaf as a doe-nob. The Help, page 7

THE ATTACK ON SLAVERY

Abolitionists, or antislavery advocates included both whites and blacks; Harriet Tubman along with others, developed the Underground Railroad to assist escaping slaves to freedom in the North and Canada;

SLAVERYS AFTERMATH
January 1, 1863, Emancipation Proclamation was issued; however it only freed slaves in the confederacy, Six months later, the 13th Amendment abolished slavery throughout the nation; In 1870, the 15th Amendment was ratified, prohibiting the denial of the right to vote on the grounds of color, race, or previous condition of servitude;

SLAVERYS AFTERMATH
In 1896, the United States Supreme Court ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson that state laws requiring separate but equal accommodations for blacks were a reasonable use of state government power; this ruling strengthened Jim Crow laws Jim Crow- southern laws passed in the late 19th century that kept Blacks in their subordinate position; these laws enforced official segregation.

REPARATIONS FOR SLAVERY

Slavery reparations refers to the act of making amends for the injustice of slavery.
In 2009, Congress issued a joint resolution apologizing for slavery but it contained a specific disclaimer that nothing in the resolution authorized or supported any claim against the U.S. Celebrations of the Civil war speak of not forgetting the bravery of the soldiers but never make mention of slavery.

THE CHALLENGE OF BLACK LEADERSHIP

Booker T. Washington- politics of accommodationcompromise; W.E.B.DuBois- was critical of Washington; - Thought education for African Americans should emphasize academics, was the 1st Black to earn a doctorate from Harvard; - Meetings at Niagara Falls- the result of these meetings placed the responsibility for problems facing blacks on the shoulder of whites; - In 1910 the NAACP was founded by the Niagara Movement.

THE CHALLENGE OF BLACK LEADERSHIP

DuBois felt that Washingtons ideas encouraged Whites to place the burden of Black problems on themselves; DuBois believed in the Talented Tenthmeaning that privileged Blacks should serve the other 9/10s and that the emphasis on education should be on academics and not vocational.

REEMERGENCE OF BLACK PROTEST

Racial turmoil during WWII included marches for employment opportunities and racial disturbances in cities throughout the country; Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)- 1942founded to fight discrimination with nonviolent direct action; Phillip Randolph- threatened a march on Washington to ensure employment of Blacks in 1941 of nonviolent direct action, modeling the practices of Mahatma Gandhi

THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT

It is suggested by the author that the civil rights movement began with Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. This ruling ended the assigning of students to schools on the basis of race rather than neighborhood.

CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE

Civil disobedience is based on the belief that people have the right to disobey the law under certain circumstances- Rosa Parks

CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
Martin Luther King developed a strategy of nonviolent disobedience to unjust laws; 1. Active nonviolent resistance, 2. Seek to win friendship and understanding or opponents, 3. Accept suffering without retaliation * It does not include passive acceptance of injustice.

CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE

1973- Government records became public revealing a systematic campaign by the FBI to penetrate civil rights groups, all in an effort to discredit them in the belief that these activist groups were subversive.

URBAN VIOLENCE AND OPPRESSION

Riff-raff theoryviolence in the 60s was said to be caused by mostly unemployed youths who had criminal records and were outnumbered by the African Americans. Relative deprivation- conscious feeling of a negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities; Rising expectationsrefers to increasing sense of frustration that legitimate needs are being blocked.

BLACK POWER
Stokley Carmichaeldistanced himself from King, he proclaimed What we need is Black Power. The Black Panther Party was organized in 1966 with the intention to represent urban blacks in a political climate that the Panthers felt was unresponsive.

THE RELIGIOUS FORCE

Historically, black leaders have emerged from the pulpits to seek rights on behalf of all blacks; Today, the Christian faiths are embraced by most African Americans, with most being Protestant. A few non-Christian groups have influenced African Americans such as the Nation of Islam and Black Muslims.

THE NEW IMMIGRATION

A dramatic flow of immigrants has come from Africa and the Caribbean today; These new immigrants face all the problems of transitioning into a new society as with other immigrants.

CHAPTER 8 AFRICAN AMERICANS TODAY

Race is socially constructed, but that does not mean that being Black does not have consequences and being White carries privileges. Despite the publicity given to obvious discrimination that has persisted well into the present, a superficial sense of complacency about the position of African Americans in the United States exists now in the twenty-first century Page 198

EDUCATION

A gap in the percentage of African Americans and white students graduating from high school still exists, though this gap is narrowing; Inadequate conditions of the schools themselves are related to the higher dropout rate among African Americans; Although several of these problems can be addressed with more adequate funding, there are many disagreements over what changes would lead to the best outcome;

Figure 8.1: Percentage of Adults Receiving College Degrees

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EDUCATION
Fifty years after Brown v. Board of Ed., schools are still segregated as a result of de facto segregation;(residential paterns) Tracking a practice of placing students in specific curriculum groups on the basis of test scores and other criteria, whites are more likely to be placed in college preparatory courses than are blacks.

ACTING WHITE, ACTING BLACK, OR NEITHER

A common view advanced by some educators is that the reason African Americans, especially males, do not succeed in school is that they dont want to be caught acting white

THE ECONOMIC PICTURE

There is a significant gap between the incomes of black and white families in the U.S. The poverty rate for blacks is 3 times that of whites; Wealth shows even greater disparity between whites and blacks than does income.

Figure 8.2: Income Gap: Black versus White

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Figure 8.3: Wealth Gap: Black versus White

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EMPLOYMENT

Official unemployment rate is higher for blacks for many reasons, including living in a depressed economy of central cities, immigrants and illegal aliens presenting competition and more middle-class women entering the labor force; Underemployment -refers to working at a job which one is overqualified, involuntarily working part-time, or being employed only intermittently; African Americans, who constitute 12% of the population, are underrepresented in high-status, high-paying occupations.

FAMILIY LIFE
Challenges for the family include -about 1/3 of African American households had both a father and mother present in 2007; For many single African American women living in poverty, having a child is an added burden- extended family may ease that burden.

Figure 8.4: Living Arrangements for Children Younger Than 18

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STRENGTHS OF AFRICAN AMERICAN FAMILIES

Strengths despite their challenges include success despite discrimination and economic hardship, strong kinship bonds, a strong work orientation, adaptability of family roles, strong achievement orientation, and a strong religious orientation.

AFRICAN AMERICAN MIDDLE CLASS

In 2008, nearly 1/4 of African Americans earned more that the median income for whites, at least 23 % are then middle class or higher; William J. Wilson stated that, class has become more important than race in determining black life chances in the modern world.

HOUSING

The quality of black housing is inferior to whites at all income levels, yet blacks pay a larger proportion of their income for shelter; Housing was the last major areas to be covered by civil rights legislation; Redlining -refers to the practice of discrimination against people trying to buy homes in minority and racially changing neighborhoods; Zoning laws - enacted to ensure that specific standards of housing construction will be satisfied.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE
Data collected by the FBI show that blacks account for 28% of arrests, even though they represent only 12% of the population; In contrast, African Americans are especially likely to be victims of serious crimes and 35% more likely to be victims of violent crimes;

CRIMINAL JUSTICE
Differential justiceis that whites are dealt with more leniently than blacks, whether at the time of arrest, indictment, conviction, sentencing, or parole; Victim discountingrefers to societys tendency to view crimes as less socially significant if the victim is viewed as less worthy.

HEALTH CARE

Compared to whites, blacks have higher death rates from disease of the heart, pneumonia, diabetes, and cancer; The conflict perspective suggest that racial tensions contribute to the medical problems of blacks; Additionally, problems associated with toxic pollution and hazardous garbage dumps are more likely to be faced by low-income black communities than their affluent counterparts.

POLITICS
It was not until1928 that a black was again elected to Congress, recent years have brought improvement in the numbers of elected officials; Gerrymandering refers to the bizarre outlining of districts to create politically advantageous outcomes.

BCC-WEEK TWO QUIZ

Quiz #2 will be available on black boardbeginning at 10:00pm tonight, September 11, 2013 until the end of the day (11:59 PM) September 14, 2013 20 questions, 25 minutes, Good luck!

CCC-WEEK TWO QUIZ

Quiz #2 will be available on black boardbeginning at 10:00pm tonight, March 14, 2013 until the end of the day (11:59 PM) March 17, 2013 20 questions, 25 minutes, Good luck!