MATH22

Calculus2
ANTIDERIVATIVES

OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson the students are
expected to:
know the relationship between differentiation
and integration;
identify and explain the different parts of the
integral operation; and
perform basic integration by applying the power
formula and the properties of the indefinite
integrals.



A function F is called an antiderivative (or integral) of the
function f on a given open interval if F(x) = f(x) for every
value of x in the interval.

DEFINITION: ANTIDERIVATIVE (INTEGRAL)
For example, the function is an antiderivative
of on interval because for each x in
this interval .
3
3
1
) ( x x F =
2
) ( x x f =
) , ( +
) (
3
1
) ( '
2 3
x f x x
dx
d
x F = =
(

=
However, is not the only antiderivative
of f on this interval. If we add any constant C to
, then the function

3
3
1
) ( x x F =
3
3
1
x
) ( 0
3
1
) ( '
2 3
x f x C x
dx
d
x G = + =
(

+ =
In general, once any single antiderivative is known, the other
antiderivatives can be obtained by adding constants to the
known derivative. Thus,


are all antiderivatives of .

2
3
1
, 5
3
1
, 2
3
1
,
3
1
3 3 3 3
+ + x x x x
2
) ( x x f =
Theorem If F(x) is any antiderivative of f(x) on an open interval,
then for any constant C the function F(x)+C is also an
antiderivative on that interval. Moreover, each antiderivative
of f(x) on the interval can be expressed in the form F(x)+C by
choosing the constant C appropriately.

DEFINITION: THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL
The process of finding antiderivatives is called
antidifferentiation or integration. Thus, if


then integrating (or antidifferentiating) the function
f(x) produces an antiderivative of the form F(x)+C. To
emphasize this process, we use the following integral
notation

| | ) ( ) ( x f x F
dx
d
=
}
+ = C x F dx x f ) ( ) (
where:
The expression is called an indefinite
integral.
is called an integral sign
the function is called the integrand
and the constant C is called the constant of
integration






}
dx x f ) (
}
) (x f
dx indicates that x is the variable of integration.

Some of the properties of the indefinite integral and basic
integration formulas, which need no proof from the fact
that these properties are also known properties of
differentiation are listed below.
Properties of Indefinite Integral and Basic Integration
Formula:
1 ;
1
.
) ( ... ) ( ) ( )] ( .... ) ( ) ( [ .
) ( ) ( ) ( .
.
1
3 2 1 2 1
= +
+
=
=
+ = =
+ =
+
}
} } } }
} }
}
n C
n
x
dx x iv
dx x f dx x f dx x f dx x f x f x f iii
C x cF dx x f c dx x cf ii
C x dx i
n
n
n
EXAMPLE
( )
( )
dy
y
y
y
dx b x a
dx x x
dx x
}
}
}
}
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
3
2
3
2
3 2 2
3
2
1
. 4
2 . 3
7 6 3 . 2
. 1
2
Evaluate the following integral.
( )
dm m m
dx x x x
dx
x
x x
x
dx x x
dz
z
z
e
}
}
}
}
}

+ +
+ + +
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
+
+
6 6
3 2 3
5
3
3
2 . 10
27 54 36 8 . 9
4 7
. 8
2 . 7
1
1
. 6
t
EXERCISES
( )
( ) dt a t
dz z z
z
t
dt
dy y y
dx x x
3
3
4
3
3 2
5
1
3
2
2 3
5 . 5
4
7
. 4
. 3
4 4 . 2
3 2 5 . 1
}
}
}
}
}
+
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+

Evaluate the following integral.