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Learning Objective: Know the basic design features and functions of various marine auxiliary machinery

Machinery: Fresh Water Generator

Specific Objectives: Recognize the various names and locations of auxiliary machinery found on board Describe the basic operation of the machinery Identify the main parts of the machinery Sketch and label the main parts
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Specific Learning Objectives: Explain the uses of fresh and distilled water onboard. Classify the evaporator types. Describe their principles of operation. Explain what is safe drinking water.

Fresh Water Generators

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DISTILLATION
Sea water has a total dissolved solids (TDS) content of 32000 mg/litre. Potable water for crew requirements contains less than 500 mg/litre of suspended solids. Good quality boiler feed will contain less than 2.5 mg/litre. Potable water taken on in port is thus

not suitable for use in water tube boilers unless

futher treated by distillation.
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It is a statutory requirement that ocean-going (foreign) ships should carry distillation plant for

emergency use even if sufficient potable water

for normal requirement is carried. Thus it is a common practice to take only a minimal supply of potable water and make-up the rest of the requirement is made up by distillation

of sea water

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EVAPORATORS
By bringing the sea water to its boiling point

(temperature) using heat from some convenient

source (steam/jacket water) to boil it and draw off the vapour leaving the dissolved solids behind in the liquid and distilled water is obtained by condensing the vapour.
Cont-

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The fresh water produced can be used to provide make-up feed for boilers, or for

domestic purpose. In the latter case it is

referred to as potable water, and the

vapour must be passed through a

suitable distilling plant and also be sterilized before use

Fresh Water Generators

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TYPES OF EVAPORATORS

BOILING TYPE

Both can be of single or multiple effect plant types

FLASH TYPES

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BOILING EVAPOPATORS
Boils the water at the saturation

temperature corresponding to the

pressure in the evaporator, the water

is maintained continuously at its

saturation temperature (here latent heat is added)

Fresh Water Generators

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SUBMERGED TUBE HIGH VACUUM TYPE

Fresh Water Generators

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Shell in two parts

Both are fabricated from mild steel, with its internal surfaces protected against corrosion by a bonded rubber coating. The lower evaporating section contains a vertical tube stack which consists of plain aluminum brass tubes expanded into tube plates at both ends The upper vapour shell contains the vapour condenser consisting of aluminum brass hairpin tubes expanded into a single tube plate and placed horizontally above a water catchments' tray
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To reduce carry-over to a minimum, the vapour entering the distilling section has to pass through a mesh type demister.

This consists of layers of knitted monel metal wire. Alternatively polypropylene mesh. (Vapour temperature below 75oC) The vapour pass freely through this but any water particles impinge onto the wire mesh, where they accumulate and ultimately coalesce into water droplets large enough to break free, dropping down against the vapour flow, to fall back into the brine
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The evaporator feed, after passing through a strainer, flow indicator, and flow controller, enters at the bottom of the evaporator. It then passes up through the vertical heating tubes where its temperature is raised by steam or hot water (jacket cooling water) passing over the outside of the tubes. Sufficient heat is provided for the water to boil under the vacuum conditions existing in the shell, this resulting vapour rising to pass through the demister

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Vapour leaving the demister then enters the vapour condenser, where its latent heat is removed by cooling water circulating through the tubes of the distiller. The resulting droplets of condensate are collected in the catchments tray, from where it flows via a

salinometer probe to the distillate pump.

This probe transmits a signal to the electrical salinometer which measures the density of the

distillate.

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With an acceptable reading (say set at 5ppm), the distillate pump discharges it through a flow controller and a non-return valve to the storage tank. If the density is unacceptable, the salinometer provides a signal which stops the pump, thus allows the unacceptable distillate to pass over the double loop to re-enter the evaporator feed line for re-distillation or pass to bilge. As an alternative arrangement, the salinometer may be used to operate a series of diverter valves which achieve a similar objective.
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The brine density is controlled by fitting flow

controller in the feed and distillate lines, these being set to admit 2.75 times as much feed water as the amount of distillate produced, the excess being pumped out by the water operated ejector. Both provides a continuous blow down of brine so as to maintain the density low enough to prevent scale forming, and also removes air and other noncondensable gases released during the evaporation process, from the upper part of the vapour shell.

Fresh Water Generators

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VAPOUR CONDENSER

SEA WATER COOLING WATER SUPPLY CATCHMENT TRAY

DEMISTER
FLOW METER SIGHT GLASS

DISTILLATE PUMP

TO STORAGE TANK

M/E JACKET COOLING WATER or STEAM LINE

SALINITY DETECTOR
AIR EJECTOR

EVAPORATOR O/B
BRINE EJECTOR

FEED INLET

FROM SEA CHEST

COMBINED EVAPORATOR AND DISTILLER

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BRINE EJECTOR
NOZZLE DIFFUSER

OPERATING WATER SUPPLY

BRINE PLUS OPERATING WATER OUTLET

BRINE INLET
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FLASH EVAPORATORS
Heats the water in one compartment before it is released into a second compartment in which the pressure is

substantially lower causing some of the

water to flash into vapours. (here only

sensible heat is supplied)

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Steam or M/E jacket cooling water supply

TWO STAGE FLASH EVAPORATOR PLANT

30oC Vapour Condenser Demister

Air ejector

To O/B From sea chest

Heat exchanger

Supply pump

1st Chamber 90% Vacuum & Temperature 65oC 2nd Chamber 100% Vacuum & Temperature 50oC

Loop

Distillate pump

To storage tank

80oC

Salinity detector To O/B

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OPERATION
The 1ST chamber or 1st effect takes place in an evaporator described before submerged coil type. The vapour from the 1st chamber is then taken to the 2nd chamber where it is to heat the incoming feed. In this process of heating the feed, this vapour condenses and collected at the bottom of the shell as shown. The vapour from the 2nd chamber is condensed in the condenser and the distillate obtained together with that obtained in the 2nd chamber is sent to the distillate water tank.
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DOUBLE EFFECT BOILING TYPE

Condenser

demister First chamber Vopour from 1st chamber Feed in Brine discharge
Fresh Water Generators

Steam line

Second chamber

Feed in Distillate
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WHICH WATER IS FIT TO DRINK?

Water boiled at temperatures above 75oC but most of the low pressure plants operate at temperatures ranging from 40oC to 60oC. Additives to diesel engine cooling water are not harmful. Those not-allowed for health reasons are the chromates. Inhibitors which are sometimes added to seawater systems to prevent fouling by the growth of marine organisms must not be used if the seawater is used in part for supplying the evaporator. The evaporator is not operated within the limits of about 20 to 50 miles from the coastline .

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STERILIZATION BY USE OF ULTRA VIOLET LIGHT

Ultra violet light can be used as means of sterilizing water without causing any physical or chemical change in the water.

These units are fitted in the discharge side of the

potable water storage tank so that the water is sterilized immediately before use, thus eliminating any micro organism contamination that may take place due to storage
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Summary
Uses of Fresh and Distilled water onboard Classification, Construction and Principle of operation of evaporators Principle of ejectors Onboard distilled water treatment Other types of FW generators (RO, Vapour compression etc.,)

Fresh Water Generators

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