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Outline of presentation
Introduction to Cross Drainage Works Types of Cross-Drainage Works Site Selection & Interaction with Other Structures Design Considerations For Cross Drainage Works Sedimentation at Cross Drainage Work Sustainable Management of Cross Drainage Work
4.1 Introduction
A cross drainage work (CDW) is a structure which is constructed at the crossing of a canal & a natural drain, so as dispose of drainage water without interrupting the canal supplies. In whatever way the canal is aligned, such CDW generally become unavoidable. In order to reduce the CDW, the artificial canals are generally aligned along the ridge line called watershed.
Introduction cont
When once the canal reaches the watershed line, cross drainage works are generally not required. However, before the watershed is reached, the canal which takes off from the river has to cross a number of drains which move from the watershed towards the river. At all points such as C1, C2, C3, C4 etc. cross drainage works are required.
Introduction cont
A cross drainage work is generally a costly construction and must be avoid as much as possible. Since a watershed canal crosses minimum number of drains, alignment is preferred to a contour canal which crosses maximum number of drains. The number of cross drainage works may also be reduced by diverting one drain in and by changing the alignment of the canal, so that it crosses below the junction drains.
ii.
an aqueduct; or syphon-aqueduct.
2. By passing the canal below the drainage. This may be accomplished either through
i. ii.
If the FSL of the canal is sufficiently above the bed level of the drainage trough, so that the canal flows under syphonic action under the trough, the structure is known as a canal syphon or a Syphon.
3. Level Crossing
In this type of cross-drainage work, the canal water and drain water are allowed to intermingle with each other. A level crossing is generally provided when a large canal and a huge drainage (such as a stream or a river) approach each other practically at the same level. A regulator is provided across the torrent (drainage) just on the stream side of the crossing so control the discharge passing the torrent. At the outgoing canal, a regulator is also provided so as control the discharge into the canal.
Unwin's formula
The head loss (h) through syphon barrels and the velocity (V) through them are generally related by Unwin's formula, given as :
where L = Length of the barrel. R = Hydraulic mean radius of the barrel. V = Velocity of flow through the barrel. Va = Velocity of approach & is often neglected.
where the values of a and b for different materials may be taken as given in Table
b
0.025 0.025 0.030 0.070 0.250
After having fixed the velocity (V) through the barrels, the head (h) required to generate that much velocity can be found by using the equation head loss. The d/s HFL of the drain remains unchanged by the construction of works, and thus the u/s HFL can be obtained by adding h to the d/s HFL. The u/s HFL, therefore, gets headed up by an amount equal to h & is known as afflux.
Sedimentation cont
The quantities of sediment settling in CDW depend on the characteristics of the river, the location & design of the structure, the hydraulic design of the CDS, and the way in which they are operated. Sedimentation problems are obviously most severe in CDS supplied from rivers carrying high sediment concentrations. The symptoms include rising design bed & water levels, reduced discharge capacities, & problems in supplying the required amounts of water for the different purposes. Sediment deposits have to be removed to maintain the efficiency of the structures.
Sedimentation cont
This is done by providing different silt control or reduction mechanism & also for some structures normal maintenance activity in schemes with low rates of siltation. But in systems where siltation is more severe, the high costs & disruption caused by frequent desilting is unacceptable. CDS sedimentation is reduced or prevented, by controlling both the sizes, & the concentrations of the sediments diverted from rivers.
Sedimentation cont
Sediment control structures are used to achieve this. There are two major benefits: reduced cross drainage structure de-silting, and hence a reduction in the costs of routine maintenance and the conveyance capacity of cross drainage structure is maintained, improving the reliability of water supply. In schemes with significant sedimentation problems savings in de-silting costs can justify the costs of installing sediment control structures. If the introduction of sediment control also enhance the reliability of the structure to achieve the objective of its designed period and this in turns large economic returns.
Sedimentation cont
An improved sediment management strategy might consist of some or all of the following: 1. Reducing the size range and concentration of the sediment mixture diverted from a river by modifications to the canal intake, (sediment exclusion). 2. Introducing sediment control structures such as a settling basin or sediment extractor in the main canal or cross drainage structure, (sediment extraction). 3. Improving the effectiveness of maintenance de-silting. 4. Changing canal operational practices so as to minimize opportunities for sediment deposition.