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Todays ater !risis is not a"out ha#in$ too little ater to satis%y our needs. It is a !risis o% mana$in$ ater so "adly that "illions o% &eo&le and the en#ironment su%%er "adly'
((os$ro#e and Ri)s"erman, *+++)
GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT
(Recharge Potential and Governance) (2009 !")
2B34(TI54S
Develop conjunctive water management options to be implemented for long term sustainability of the resources.
BA(67R289D
Irrigation systems changed significantly, now increasingly dependent on groundwater. Simultaneously, groundwater depletion and waterlogging. Existing SW and GW institutions need to reorient while moving towards groundwater management; Water availability !!! m"#capita, li$ely to dip further i.e. %!! in &!&' and '!! in &!('; GW )epletion forcing conversion of centrifugal to turbine pumps; *ost of installing tubewells with )+W more than &( m is % times and pumping cost " times higher than if )+W is within , m; and -p.coning#lateral saline intrusion ha/ards.
1! ,! (! )nnual (olu$e *5)6&! !! 1! ,! (! &! &! " &! ' &!&% &!&0 &!"" &!"' &!(% &!(0 &! % &! 0 &!&" &!&' &!"% &!"0 &!(" &!(' ! &! 2ive Storage 34567 +otal Water )emand 34567 Surface and GW availability 34567 8opulation 3million7 Bhasha Dam &!& 4ear &!"
&!(
BA(67R289D
3une *++,
2!to"er *++,
2!t *++*
IBIS desi$ned in sta$es and its !urrent 2=M oriented to ards sur%a!e ater mana$ement only> 7round ater under in!reasin$ threat in some areas; due to mismat!h "et een irri$ation demands and su&&lies> Irri$ation &er%orman!e ne#er e#aluated at system le#el.
?
0u"li!ations
>ne blue report? Irrigation System Issues and Groundwater Governance; +hree papers published? .International#&.national <ournals7, four research papers in 8E *ongress; S&atial 5ariation In Irri$ation Demand and Su&&ly A!ross (anal (ommands in 0un)a"A Real IWRM (hallen$e B (A!!e&ted
"y Water 0oli!y 3ournal)> and
Rational Sur%a!e Water Mana$ementA A 0re;reCuisite %or 7round ater Mana$ement in 0a:istan B (su"mitted to
Irri$ation and Draina$e )ournal)
NS04"85& 5m
NS04"68 &9m
&2m NS04"60& 6m
,*+ J ,EF+ */.1 ,E1+ e J/,.F ,E,+ ,E*+ ,E/+ ,EG+ ,E.+ ,ED+ ,EE+ *+++ *+,+ 3ears
DTW in LBD(
,++ :a+e area 'n(er DT1 ,ater+or/ E+ D+ .+ G+ 1+ F+ /+ *+ ,+ + ,ED, ,ED/ ,ED1 ,ED. ,EDE ,EE, ,EE/ ,EE1 ,EE. ,EEE *++, *++/ *++1 *++. *++E 3ears K G++ LG++ L F1+ L /++ L ,1+
Sur%a!e Water Su&&lies in LBD( (ommand Re!ent annual (*++,;+E) deli#eries o% a"out FDFE a$ainst
GE1/?M(M o% (WR FF.,* M adds to 7W #ia !anals, W-(s and %ield a&&li!ation losses. ,+++ (onsum&ti#e use 9et su&&ly a#aila"le to !ro&s is a"out //.DM o% (WR. reCuirement
E++ D++ .++ Vo-'me (*C*% G++ 1++ F++ /++ *++ ,++ + 3an @e" Mar A&r May 3un 3ul Au$ Se& 2!t 9o# De! Di#ersions to LBD( at head @ield A#aila"le
(ro& ater reCuirement, sur%a!e ater and $round ater "alan!e in LBD( !ommand
( ' % "
.!.!( .!.! !. , !. 0
( ( , ,
7W minin$ in Sahi al and 6hane al Di#isions (..1G m, 7(A +.1EE Mha) %or this *, year &eriod (*1M s&e!i%i! yield) is a"out E.,. MA@.
Total $round ater &um&in$ is o% the order o% *..1 to /.* MA@ ith annual #ariations> Total annual &um&in$ !ost is o% the order o% *.*., Billion Ru&ees (assessed at *++G rates). A &art o% &um&in$ !ost !an "e sa#ed "y maintainin$ aterta"le ithin F+ %t %rom Cost ine;'it/ of land sur%a!e. +ro'n()ater <'m<in+
!." ! #.& #.% #.$ #." # 3 5 7 !! !3 !5 !7 ! Depth to watertable depth (m) from NSL "!
Su"
,G1G ,E D*D* *GE., ,*F*+ 1F.D "e!omin$ saline /, ,+, "(' (,,DG) (,/./) (**G*) (*+..) (FGD+) FE.G (*/..)
%uality *E.+ *1
(E/+)
F...
*H2: /H/+ B
*1
:a+e of o=ser.ations
(1.GF) (,+1*)
1S#
DG*, E*.* G/G1 C !!! C ! F1.1 /F.1 // (,D++) (,F.,) (,F,1) (D.G) *+G, ,*.+ ,*D+ !!! . &!!! !D (.FG) (F.,)** (1DE) (*..)
9o !han$e C &.'
*...
/H*+ 7
,1
DFFD GD FFDD TDS F &!!! F 1 /*.. ,..F F ' little "it 8sea"le (,D*F) (,F.*) (,G1/) (,1.1) (,,FE) (..D) im&ro#ed.
FHO ,+
1
Mar$inal *E *./E /,.1 OaPardo (G.FD) (,+EE) (E.G) us *+ /+F+ (1.EE) (,,+1)
*+F. (E,D)
(G..) "oth un!han$ed TDS and SAR "oth un!han$ed TDS and SAR "oth un!han$ed TDS redu!ed SAR same TDS and SAR "oth in!reased
,/+D* (D.*)
11*D // /*GF /G *G++ *E.F (,.E+) (,1.F) (,*EG) (,*./) (,1/1) (,G.D) ,.DF (D+D) /1./ (D.G) *F,E (,+DE) ,G.G /+D. ,F./ (1./) (*/F/) (,/.F)
Tra.e- Time Ca-,'-ations >or Sa-ine Intr'sion Ana-/sis Area Oydrauli! OoriPontal 6 0orosity 7W 5elo!ity
head (m) h, h* Distan!e (:m) (m-day) (:m-,++ years)
South o% ,1..1 ,1*. ,+.1 Sahi al 1 9;4 o% ,,1 ,+.. ,+.DD 3ahanian7round 1ater tra#els
,+ *+
+./* +./.
+.1F ,./G
year> Whereas Sur%a!e ater tra#els a"out *1;1+ There is :m-day not mu!h #ulnera"ility o% lateral saline intrusion due to slo
7W mo#ement> Oo e#er, here there is saline ater underneath, !onsum&tion o% u&&er thin %resh ater layer "y &um&in$ is !ausin$ $radual deterioration o% &um&ed 7W Cuality.
!.' 9annu
(3une, *+,*)
,,
G1 EG.E E,.. De&leted (K ,*++) 9ormal (,1+; ,*++) /., ,.. +.G Thal Re!hna ED., ED./ D1.D DF.*
Area (M)
&7 &7 &&& & !# ! 3" 3 5$ 5 7% 7 & #! ## #! #3 #" #3 #5 #$ #5 #7 #% ##7 #& !! # !# !! !"
$## Depth to <atertable 2cm3 3## $## %## *+D. ,FE. Depth to <atertable 2cm3 SCARP 5## ,.E G.F GG.G + 1 &## -7 %## 7## $71% 2/''3 !### '- .. /01% 2'0D'3 &## ,+. ,F/. ,GE. /DE. "&1!# 2-''3 '-4.I -01"45 2-0D'3 2h)-< D1., !"## ## D * G '-4=I1 2/9'3 '-4.II , -01$ 2-0D'3 'r !### !$## <4!&# '-4.I.2-9'3 -01! !!## 26a7patan3 +94!&5 2-9'3 !%## !"## !3##
(3une, *+,*)
1E.*
+ ;,.1 ,.1 ; ,/ K ,/
Why is there so hi$h #ariation in De&th to Waterta"le a!ross &ro#in!es, Doa"s = !anal !ommands in IBIS<
ith
SindA D B ,1 !%s
(WA is #aria"le a!ross the !anal !ommands "ut ne#er re; e#aluated. Oo e#er, ithin !anal !ommands it is :e&t same> and There%ore, is a ma)or hurdle in inte$ration o% !anal and $round ater in 0a:istan.
1+ . / ,. m m m m
@aisala"ad
Multan
Sim&le inter&olation
*eteoro-o+i,astations
D++ .++
Ra in% all
,D1+
-**
2J)E8528-:
2I*
+E52
"!! &%' &'! &&' &!! %' '! &' !! %' '! &' !
&'
! M 3 3 A S 2 9 D I 5 S > @ ) I 6 4 5 4 I
5 4
>
IDI an( A.+& ann'a- ,ana- s'<<-ies an( Cro<<in+ Intensit/ (CI%
De<th of )ater (mm% o.er CCA *+++ ,D++ ,G++ ,F++ ,*++ ,+++ D++ G++ F++ *++ + Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual IDIa IDIa (anal Su&&ly (anal (I (M) Su&&ly *++ ,D+ ,G+ ,F+ ,*+ ,++ D+ G+ F+ *+ +
83(
8RL D.0ur
Thal
0a:&attan
MAILSI
ABBAS
9o !orrelation "et een IDI and !anal su&&lies> IDI is minimum %or 83(, so relati#ely hi$her !anal su&&lies (anal su&&lies are maQimum %or MS7 (DFEmm) (I is maQimum in Mailsi (,.,M), su&&lies are relati#ely less %or 0:&t,
(om&arison o% WAA allo!ations and *++,;+E su&&lies durin$ 6hari% and Ra"i season
6hari%
F.+ /.1 /.+ *.1 *.+ .o-'me (*A>% Aharif ,.1 ,.+ +.1 +.+ L3( L(( 8RL D.0ur Naim WAA Allo!ation *++,;+E A#$. Su&&lies /.1 /.+ *.1 *.+ Ra=i .o-'me (*A>% ,.1 ,.+ +.1 +.+ L3(
Ra"i
WAA Allo!ation *++,;+E A#$. Su&&lies
L((
8RL D.0ur
Naim
Rabi supplies are 30% less than WAA due to low ri er flows ! loss in online stora"e.
Perennia- Non-Perennia-
5bsence of environmental flows particularly in Sutle< and :avi :ivers is adding towards groundwater depletion in 9ari )oab; and IW+ of 0,! with India has been only partially successful, without the provision of environmental flows. +here is need to rationali/e canal water allocations and declaration of perennial and non.perennial irrigated areas.
Distri"ution ineCuity at head, middle and tail rea!hes o% distri"utaries and minors already ell re&orted> 7o0un)a" esta"lished 0MI8 %or %urther im&ro#ement o% sur%a!e ater eCuityA
,++ 1ater 'sa+e at fie-( (,m% E+ D+ .+ G+ 1+ F+ /+ *+ ,+ + 1ater,o'rse n'm=er hea( to tai- of 02DC ,omman(
There%ore, "e%ore mo#in$ to ards any meanin$%ul $round ater mana$ement, e need to rationaliPe sur%a!e su&&lies %orm IBIS, &ro#in!e, !anal !ommand, distri"utary till the last unit i.e. ater!ourse le#el.
Irri$ation ineCuity the %armer is %a!in$ ith> Irrigation demand increases towards south i.e. Irrigation )emand Ine;uity; 6rom head to tail of watercourse command called Supply Ine;uity; and Ine;uity of GW Kuality, pumping re;uirement and pumping costs.
6resh assessment of crop water re;uirement, cropping patterns and intensities, and existing allocations is strongly recommended; :e.allocating canal water for e;uity in relative irrigation demand rather than supply at I9IS, provincial and canal command levels is crucial; 9efore moving to groundwater management, e;uity of surface water needs to be ensured, especially at farm gate. 5t watercourse level, time allocation need to be successively increased towards tail reach; +he capacity of groundwater institutions be developed to perform $ey functions of planning, research and providing technical support at regional#local level; 6rame a national water law for regulation of surface and groundwater; Su$h.9eas channel be rehabilitated for groundwater recharge in central and lower parts of 9ari )oab during flood season. :estriction on installation of new wells has mostly been tried elsewhere. In I9IS this approach will further enhance existing GW use ine;uity between owners and non.owners of wells; Some suitable restriction on GW pumping is re;uired. 6or this controlling cropping intensity and pattern is the most suitable #onstruction of $ega reservoirs should be the first priority ;
In#estments in draina$e ha#e "een si$ni%i!ant in 0a:istan durin$ the de!ades o% .+s to early E+s> Waterlo$$in$ still a%%e!ts lar$e tra!ts o% landA > 4#en a%ter %our years drou$ht &eriod (,EEE;*++*), su"stantial tra!ts o% a$ri!ultural lands mostly in (83(, u&&er &arts o% L3() ere aterlo$$ed.> and > Similarly, !anal !ommands ith hi$her Irri$ation Demand IndeQ "ut ith hi$her !anal su&&lies and lo !ro&&in$ intensity are also aterlo$$ed. Ra"i !anal su&&lies are a"out /+M less than WAA allo!ations, due to lo ri#er su&&lies and loss in online stora$e. 7round ater has "e!ome out o% rea!h o% Small @armers in lo er &arts o% Bari Doa".
Su:h;Beas I9TR2D8(TI29
Lery preliminary recharge estimates for an area e;uivalent to 29)* command? With ,,%!! cfs for two months is !.1 456, which is !.(! ft water depth and ., ft GW depth; and With ',!!! cfs for two months is !., 456, is !."! ft water depth and .& ft GW depth.
Thank You
For the patience
I9IS Irrigation )emand and Supply 5ssessment 5cross and 5mongst Sectors e.g. )omestic, 5griculture, 8rovinces and below Botri etc.
8un<ab M B8B Irrigation )emand and Supply 5ssessment 5mongst *anal *ommands
Sind M 9aluchistan Irrigation )emand and Supply 5ssessment 5mongst *anal *ommands
*ompare )ifferent Irrigation -nits in terms of Water )emand, Supply = Groundwater *onditions Select 5reas in need of GW 4anagement
Study in detail available water resources i.e. surface, groundwater and rainfall and crop water re;uirement along with other uses +ry a combination of most suitable interventions e.g. recharge, control on cropping pattern and intensity
?evaluate the impact of interventions and re4adjust according to groundwater response observed over the years