Pile foundations

Capacity of Single Pile

Using Theory (c,)
Using SPT value
Using SCPT Value
Using Dynamic Formula
Pile Load Test

Static Formula
In-situ Penetration Tests
Dynamic Formula - PRINCIPLE




Energ
y
Workdone
Wh Q
u
s
s
Wh
Q
u
=
W - weight of the driving hammer
h - height of fall of hammer
Wh - energy of hammer blow
Q - ultimate resistance to penetration
S - pile penetration under one hammer
blow
Q
u
s - resisting energy of the pile
DYNAMIC FORMULA
Hileys Formula
Engineering News


Energy
used by pile
to move
down
Energy
losses
Energy Input
Hileys Formula
The energy loss E
1
due to the elastic
compressions of the pile cap, pile material and
the soil surrounding the pile

The energy loss E
2
due to the interaction of the
pile hammer system

Hileys Formula - Energy losses
The energy loss E
1
due to the elastic
compressions of the pile cap, pile material and
the soil surrounding the pile


c
1
= elastic compression of the pile cap
c
2
= elastic compression of the pile
c
3
= elastic compression of the soil.
( ) C Q c c c Q E
u u
= + + =
3 2 1 1
2
1
Hileys Formula - Energy Losses
The energy loss E
2
due to the interaction of the
pile hammer system


W
p
= weight of pile
C
r
= coefficient of restitution
p
r
p
W W
C
WhW E
+

=
2
2
1
Hileys Formula




where,



h
Efficiency of the hammer
R
R C
C s
Wh
Q
r h
u
+

+
=
1
1
2
q
W
W
R
p
=
Hileys Formula
Type of soil c
3
Hard Soil 0
Resilient Soil 0.2
Elastic compression c
1
of cap and pile head
Elastic compression c
2
of pile Elastic compression c
3
of soil
Pile Material Range of
Driving Stress
kg/cm
2
Range of
c
1
Precast concrete pile
with packing inside cap
30-150 0.12-0.50
Timber pile without cap 30-150 0.05-0.20
Steel H-pile 30-150 0.04-0.16
Hileys Formula
Hammer
Type

h
Drop hammer 1.00
Single acting 0.75-0.85
Double acting 0.85
Diesel 1.00
Efficiency of pile hammer
Material C
r
Wood pile 0.25
Compact wood cushion of steel
pile
0.32
Cast iron hammer on concrete pile
without cap
0.40
Cast iron hammer on steel pile
without cushion
0.55
Coefficient of restitution C
r
Engineering News Formula





W - weight of hammer in kg
H - height of fall of hammer in cm
s - final penetration in cm per blow (set)
C - empirical constant
( ) C s
Wh
Q
u
+
=
6
The set is taken as the average
penetration per blow for the last
5 blows of a drop hammer or 20
blows of a steam hammer
C = 2.5 cm for a drop hammer
C = 0.25 cm for single acting hammer
Problem
A 40 x 40 cm reinforced concrete pile 20 m long is
driven through loose sand and then into dense gravel
to a final set of 3 mm/blow, using a 30 kN single-
acting hammer with a stroke of 1.5 m.
Determine the ultimate driving resistance of the pile if
it is fitted with a helmet, plastic dolly and 50 mm
packing on the top of the pile. The weight of the
helmet and dolly is 4 kN. The other details are: weight
of pile = 74 kN; weight of hammer = 30 kN; pile
hammer efficiency
h
= 0.80 and coefficient of
restitution Cr = 0.40.
Use the Hiley formula. The sum of the elastic
compression C is C = c
1
+c
2
+c
3
= 19.6 mm.
PILE LOAD TEST
Pile Load Test
Load tests may be carried out on a working pile
or a test pile
Pile load tests on a single pile or group of piles
For the determination of
Vertical load bearing capacity
Uplift load capacity
Lateral load capacity
Load test may be of two types
Continuous load test.
Cyclic load test.
Vertical Pile Load Test Assembly
Load Settlement Curves
Determination of Qu from Load-
Settlement Curve
Qu, can be determined as the abscissa of the point
where the curved part of the load-settlement curve
changes to a falling straight line
Qu is the abscissa of the point of intersection of the
initial and final tangents of the load-settlement curve
Qa is 50 percent of the ultimate load at which the total
settlement amounts to one-tenth of the diameter of
the pile for uniform diameter piles.
Qa is sometimes taken as equal to two-thirds of the
load which causes a total settlement of 12 mm
Qa is sometimes taken as equal to two-thirds of the
load which causes a net (plastic) settlement of 6 mm
Recap - Capacity of Single Pile
Using Theory (c,)
Using SPT value
Using SCPT Value
Using Dynamic Formula
Pile Load Test

Static Formula
In-situ Penetration Tests
PILE GROUPS
Some Examples
Multistoried Building Resting on Piles
Some Examples
Piles Used to Resist Uplift
Forces
Some Examples
Piles used to Resist lateral
Loads
Pressure isobars of
single pile
Pressure Isobars of Group of piles with
piles placed farther apart
Pressure Isobars of Group of piles closely spaced
Typical
Arrangement of
Piles in Groups
Minimum Spacing between Piles
Stipulated in building codes
For straight uniform diameter piles - 2 to 6 d
For friction piles 3d
For end bearing piles
passing through relatively compressible strata, the
spacing of piles shall not be less than 2.5d
For end bearing piles passing through compressible
strata and resting in stiff clay - 3.5d
For compaction piles - 2d.
Pile Group Efficiency

=
u
gu
g
Q
Q
q
CAPACITY OF PILE GROUP
Felds Rule
Converse-Labarre Formula



Block failure criteria


FELD'S RULE
Reduces the capacity of each pile by 1/16 for
each adjacent pile
CONVERSE-LABARRE
FORMULA






( ) ( )
mn
n m m n
g
90
1 1
1
+
=
u
q
m = number of columns of piles in a group,
n = number of rows,
= tan
-1
( d/s) in degrees,
d = diameter of pile,
s = spacing of piles center to center.

=
u g gu
Q Q q
PILE GROUP
Driven piles
Bored piles

Pile group in sandy soil
Pile group in clayey soil

Block Failure

c = cohesive strength of clay beneath the
pile group,
L = length of pile,
P
g
= perimeter of pile group,
A
g
= sectional area of group,
N
c
= bearing capacity factor which may be
assumed as 9 for deep foundations.
Recap
Capacity of single pile
Capacity of pile group