Financial Analysis & Accounting

Financial Statement Analysis

Chapter 1

Ratio Analysis
Purpose: To identify aspects of a businesss performance to aid decision making Quantitative process may need to be supplemented by qualitative factors to get a complete picture Ratio=Output/Input (Efficiency Measurement)

Classification of Ratios
Balance Sheet Ratio P&L Ratio or Income/Revenue Statement Ratio
Operating Ratio

Balance Sheet and Profit & Loss Ratio

Composite Ratio

Financial Ratio

Current Ratio Quick Asset Ratio Debt Equity Ratio

Gross Profit Ratio Expense Ratio Net profit Ratio Stock Turnover Ratio

Fixed Asset Turnover Ratio, Return on Total Resources Ratio, Return on Own Funds Ratio, Earning per Share Ratio, Debtors Turnover Ratio,

Types of Ratios
1. 2. Liquidity the ability of the firm to pay its way Investment/shareholders information to enable decisions to be made on the extent of the risk and the earning potential of a business investment Gearing/Leverage information on the relationship between the exposure of the business to loans as opposed to share capital Profitability how effective the firm is at generating profits given sales and or its capital assets Financial the rate at which the company sells its stock and the efficiency with which it uses its assets

3.

4. 5.

Current Ratio
Looks at the ratio between Current Assets and Current Liabilities Current Ratio = Current Assets : Current Liabilities Ideal level? 1.5 : 1 A ratio of 5 : 1 would imply the firm has Rs. 5 of assets to cover every Re.1 in liabilities A ratio of 0.75 : 1 would suggest the firm has only 75p in assets available to cover every Re.1 it owes Too high Might suggest that too much of its assets are tied up in unproductive activities too much stock, for example? Too low - risk of not being able to pay your way

Acid Test
Also referred to as the Quick ratio (Current assets stock) : liabilities 1:1 seen as ideal The omission of stock gives an indication of the cash the firm has in relation to its liabilities (what it owes) A ratio of 3:1 therefore would suggest the firm has 3 times as much cash as it owes very healthy! A ratio of 0.5:1 would suggest the firm has twice as many liabilities as it has cash to pay for those liabilities. This might put the firm under pressure but is not in itself the end of the world!

Acid Test or Quick Assets/Current Liabilities

Example : Cash 50,000 Debtors 1,00,000 Inventories 1,50,000 Total Current Assets 3,00,000

Ratio

Quick

Current

Current Liabilities 1,00,000

Calculate:

Current Ratio Quick Ratio

Investment/Shareholders

Investment/Shareholders
Earnings per share profit after tax / number of shares Price earnings ratio market price / earnings per share the higher the better generally. Comparison with other firms helps to identify value placed on the market of the business. Dividend yield ordinary share dividend / market price x 100 higher the better. Relates the return on the investment to the share price.

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Gearing

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Gearing
Gearing Ratio = Long term loans / Capital employed x 100 The higher the ratio the more the business is exposed to interest rate fluctuations and to having to pay back interest and loans before being able to re-invest earnings

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Financial Leverage Ratios Debt-to-Equity

Total Debt Shareholders Equity

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4. DEBT EQUITY RATIO : It is the relationship between borrowers fund (Debt) and Owners Capital (Equity).
Long Term Outside Liabilities / Tangible Net Worth

Liabilities of Long Term Nature

Total of Capital and Reserves & Surplus Less Intangible Assets For instance, if the Firm is having the following : Capital = Rs. 200 Lacs Free Reserves & Surplus = Rs. 300 Lacs Long Term Loans/Liabilities = Rs. 800 Lacs Debt Equity Ratio will be

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Debt Equity Ratio will be => 800/500 i.e. 1.6 : 1

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Debt-to-Total-Assets
Total Debt Total Assets

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Exercise 10 : Total Liabilities of a firm is Rs.100 Lac and Current Ratio is 1.5 : 1. If Fixed Assets and Other Non Current Assets are to the tune of Rs. 70 Lac and Debt Equity Ratio being 3 : 1. What would be the Long Term Liabilities?

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Ans : We can easily arrive at the amount of Current Asset being Rs. 30 Lac i.e. ( Rs. 100 L - Rs. 70 L ). If the Current Ratio is 1.5 : 1, then Current Liabilities works out to be Rs. 20 Lac. That means the aggregate of Net Worth and Long Term Liabilities would be Rs. 80 Lacs. If the Debt Equity Ratio is 3 : 1 then Debt works out to be Rs. 60 Lacs and equity Rs. 20 Lacs. Therefore the Long Term Liabilities would be Rs.60 Lac.

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Profitability

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Profitability

Profitability measures look at how much profit the firm generates from sales or from its capital assets Different measures of profit gross and net
Gross profit effectively total revenue (turnover) variable costs (cost of sales) Net Profit effectively total revenue (turnover) variable costs and fixed costs (overheads)

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Profitability

Gross Profit Margin = Gross profit / turnover x 100 The higher the better Enables the firm to assess the impact of its sales and how much it cost to generate (produce) those sales A gross profit margin of 45% means that for every 1 of sales, the firm makes 45p in gross profit

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Profitability
Net Profit Margin = Net Profit / Turnover x 100 Net profit takes into account the fixed costs involved in production the overheads Keeping control over fixed costs is important could be easy to overlook for example the amount of waste - paper, stationery, lighting, heating, water, etc.

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Profitability
Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) = Profit / capital employed x 100 (Capital Employed= TA-CL=Total non current debt)

Return on Investment=
Net Profit after Taxes Total Assets

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Profitability
The higher the better Shows how effective the firm is in using its capital to generate profit A ROCE of 25% means that it uses every 1 rupee of capital to generate 25p in profit Partly a measure of efficiency in organisation and use of capital

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Financial

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Asset Turnover
Asset Turnover = Sales turnover / assets employed Using assets to generate profit Asset turnover x net profit margin = ROA

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Stock Turnover
Stock turnover = Sales / Average stock The rate at which a companys stock is turned over A high stock turnover might mean increased efficiency? But: dependent on the type of business supermarkets might have high stock turnover ratios whereas a shop selling high value musical instruments might have low stock turnover ratio Low stock turnover could mean poor customer satisfaction if people are not buying the goods (Marks and Spencer?)

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Stock Turnover
A firm sold goods worth Rs 200,000 with a profit margin of 20%. The stock at the beginning and at the end is for Rs 20,000 and Rs 30,000 respectively . What is the Stock Turnover Ratio?

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Debtors Turnover Ratio

Debtors Turnover Ratio = Net credit sales/Average debtors

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Turnover Ratio Receivable Turnover=

Annual Net Credit Sales Av. Receivables -----------------------------------------------------

Payable (Creditors) Turnover (PT)=

Annual Credit Purchases Av. Accounts Payable

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Coverage Ratios

Interest Coverage =

EBIT Interest Charges

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Limitation of Ratio Analysis

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LIABILITIES Capital + Reserves P & L Credit Balance Loan From S F C Bank Overdraft 355

ASSETS Net Fixed Assets 265 1 125 128

7 Cash 100 Receivables 38 Stocks

Creditors
Provision of Tax Proposed Dividend

26 Prepaid Expenses
9 Intangible Assets 15 550

1
30

550

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 What is the Net Working Capital ?

If Net Sales is Rs.15 Lac, then What would be the Stock Turnover Ratio in Times

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 What is the Net Working Capital ? = Ans : C. A - C L. = 255 - 88 = 167

If Net Sales is Rs.15 Lac, then What would be the Stock Turnover Ratio in Times ? Ans : Net Sales / Average Inventories/Stock =1500 / 128 = 12 times approximately

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EXERCISE 1
LIABILITES Capital Reserves ASSETS 180 Net Fixed Assets 20 Inventories 400 150

Term Loan
Bank C/C Trade Creditors Provisions

300 Cash
200 Receivables 50 Goodwill 50 800

50
150 50 800

a. b. c. d. e. f.

What is the Net Worth : Tangible Net Worth is: Outside Liabilities : Net Working Capital : Current Ratio : Quick Ratio :

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a. What is the Net Worth : Capital + Reserve = 200 b. Tangible Net Worth is : Net Worth - Goodwill = 150 c. Outside Liabilities : TL + CC + Creditors + Provisions =600 d. Net Working Capital : C A - C L = 350 - 250 = 50 e. Current Ratio : C A / C L = 350 / 300 = 1.17 : 1 f. Quick Ratio : Quick Assets / C L = 200/300 = 0.66 : 1

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EXERCISE 2
LIABILITIES Capital Reserves Bank Term Loan Bank CC (Hyp) Unsec. Long T L 2005-06 300 140 320 490 150 2006-07 350 Net Fixed Assets 160 Security Electricity 280 Investments 580 Raw Materials 170 S I P 2005-06 730 30 110 150 20 2006-07 750 30 110 170 30

Creditors (RM)
Bills Payable Expenses Payable Provisions Total

120
40 20 20 1600

70 Finished Goods
80 Cash 30 Receivables 40 Loans/Advances Goodwill 1760

140
30 310 30 50 1600

170
20 240 190 50 1760

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Calculate Tangible Net Worth for 1st Year : Current Ratio for 2nd Year : Debt Equity Ratio for 1st Year :

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Tangible Net Worth for 1st Year : ( 300 + 140) - 50 = 390

Current Ratio for 2nd Year : (170 + 30 +170+20+ 240 + 190 ) / (580+70+80+70)= 820 /800 = 1.02
3. Debt Equity Ratio for 1st Year : 320+150 / 440 = 1.07

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Exercise 3.
LIABIITIES Equity Capital Preference Capital Term Loan Bank CC (Hyp) Sundry Creditors Total ASSETS 200 Net Fixed Assets 100 Inventory 600 Receivables 400 Investment In Govt. Secu. 100 Preliminary Expenses 1400 800 300 150 50 100 1400

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Calculate 1. Debt Equity Ratio 2.Tangible Net Worth 3.Total Outside Liabilities / Total Tangible Net Worth 4. Current Ratio

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1. Debt Equity Ratio will be : 600 / (200+100) = 2 : 1 2.Tangible Net Worth : Only equity Capital i.e. = 200

3.Total Outside Liabilities / Total Tangible Net Worth : (600+400+100) / 200 =5.5:1 4. Current Ratio will be:(300 + 150 + 50 ) / (400 + 100) =1

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Exercise 4.
LIABILITIES Capital + Reserves P & L Credit Balance Loan From S F C Bank Overdraft Creditors 355 ASSETS Net Fixed Assets 265 1 125 128 1 7 Cash 100 Receivables 38 Stocks 26 Prepaid Expenses

Provision of Tax
Proposed Dividend

9 Intangible Assets
15

30 550

550

Q.What is the Current Ratio Q. What is the Quick Ratio Q. What is the Debt Equity Ratio

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Q.What is the Current Ratio ? Ans : (1+125 +128+1) / (38+26+9+15) 255/88 = 2.89 : 1 Q What is the Quick Ratio ? Ans : (125+1)/ 88 = 1.43 : 1 Q. What is the Debt Equity Ratio ? Ans : LTL / NW = 100 / 392

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Exercise 5. : Profit to sales is 2% and amount of profit is say Rs.5 Lac. Then What is the amount of Sales ?

Exercise 6. A Company has Net Worth of Rs.5 Lac, Term Liabilities of Rs.10 Lac. Fixed Assets worth RS.16 Lac and Current Assets are Rs.25 Lac. There is no intangible Assets or other Non Current Assets. Calculate its Net Working Capital.

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Exercise 5. : Profit to sales is 2% and amount of profit is say Rs.5 Lac. Then What is the amount of Sales ? Answer : Net Profit Ratio = (Net Profit / Sales ) x 100 2 = (5 x100) /Sales Therefore Sales = 500/2 = Rs.250 Lac Exercise 6. A Company has Net Worth of Rs.5 Lac, Term Liabilities of Rs.10 Lac. Fixed Assets worth RS.16 Lac and Current Assets are Rs.25 Lac. There is no intangible Assets or other Non Current Assets. Calculate its Net Working Capital. Answer Total Assets = 16 + 25 = Rs. 41 Lac Total Liabilities = NW + LTL + CL = 5 + 10+ CL = 41 Lac Current Liabilities = 41 15 = 26 Lac Therefore Net Working Capital = C. A C.L = 25 26 = (- )1 Lac

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Exercise 7 : Current Ratio of a concern is 1 : 1. What will be the Net Working Capital ?

Exercise 8 : Suppose Current Ratio is 4 : 1. NWC is Rs.30,000/-. What is the amount of Current Assets ?

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Exercise 7 : Current Ratio of a concern is 1 : 1. What will be the Net Working Capital ?
Answer : It suggest that the Current Assets is equal to Current Liabilities hence the NWC would be NIL ( since NWC = C.A C.L ) Exercise 8 : Suppose Current Ratio is 4 : 1. NWC is Rs.30,000/-. What is the amount of Current Assets ? Answer : 4a - 1a = 30,000 Therefore a = 10,000 i.e. Current Liabilities is Rs.10,000 Hence Current Assets would be 4a = 4 x 10,000 = Rs.40,000/49

 Exercise 9. The amount of Term Loan installment is Rs.10000/ per month, monthly average interest on TL is Rs.5000/-. If the amount of Depreciation is Rs.30,000/- p.a. and PAT is Rs.2,70,000/-. What would be the DSCR ?

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DSCR = (PAT + Depr + Annual Intt.) / Annual Intt + Annual Installment = (270000 + 30000 + 60000 ) / 60000 + 120000 = 360000 / 180000 = 2

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 Exercise 11 : Current Ratio is say 1.2 : 1 . Total of balance sheet being Rs.22 Lac. The amount of Fixed Assets + Non Current Assets is Rs. 10 Lac. What would be the Current Liabilities? Ans : When Total Assets is Rs.22 Lac then Current Assets would be 22 10 i.e Rs. 12 Lac. Thus we can easily arrive at the Current Liabilities figure which should be Rs. 10 Lac

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Common Size Financial Statement Analysis

Common Size financial Statement Analysis also called vertical analysis, is just one technique that financial managers use to analyze their financial statements. It is not another type of financial statement. It is just a tool that is used to analyze the financial statement. Common size income statement analysis is stating every line item on the income statement as a percentage of sales and in the balance sheet as a percentage of total assets .
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Common Size Income Statements

1998 100.0% 87.2 3.3 90.5 9.5 2.9 6.5 2.6 3.9 0.1 3.8

1997 Net Sales 100.0% Costs excluding depreciation 87.6 Depreciation 3.2 Total Operating Costs 90.8 Earnings before interest & taxes 9.2 Less interest 2.1 Earnings before taxes 7.1 Taxes (40%) 2.8 Net income before preferred dividends 4.3 Preferred dividends 0.1 Net income available to common stockholders 4.1

Industry 1998 100.0% 87.6 2.8 90.4 9.6 1.3 8.3 3.3 5.0 0.0 5.0 54

Common Size Balance Sheets 1997 Assets Cash & Marketable securities Accounts receivable Inventories Total Current Assets Net plant & equipment Total Assets 4.8% 18.8 24.7 48.2 51.8 100.0 1998 0.5% 18.8 30.8 50.0 50.0 100.0 Industry 1998 3.2% 17.8 19.8 40.8 59.2 100.0

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Common Size Balance Sheets

Liabilities & Equity Accounts payable Notes payable Accruals Total current liabilities Long term bonds Total Debt Preferred equity Common equity Total Liab. & Equity

1.8% 3.6 7.7 13.1 34.5 47.6 2.4 50.0 100.0

3.0% 5.5 7.0 15.5 37.7 53.2 2.0 44.8 100.0

1.8% 4.4 3.6 9.8 30.2 40.0 0.0 60.0 100.0

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EXERCISE 12. A firm sold its stocks in CASH, in order to meet its liquidity needs. Which of the following Ratio would be affected by this? 1. Debt Equity Ratio 2. Current Ratio 3. Debt Service Coverage Ratio 4. Quick Ratio

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 EXERCISE 13. A company is found to be carrying a high DEBT EQUITY Ratio. To improve this, a bank may suggest the company to : 1. Raise long term interest free loans from friends and relatives 2. Raise long term loans from Institutions 3. Increase the Equity by way of Bonus Issue 4. Issue Rights share to existing Share holders

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 EXERCISE 14. Which of the following is a fictitious Asset? 1. 2. 3. 4. Goodwill Preliminary Expenses Pre-operative expenses Book Debts which have become doubtful of recovery

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EXERCISE 15. Under which of the following methods of depreciation on Fixed Assets, the annual amount of depreciation decreases? 1. Written Down Value method 2. Straight Line method 3. Annuity method 4. Insurance policy method

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 EXERCISE 16 Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR) shows : 1. Excess of current assets over current liabilities 2. Number of times the value of fixed assets covers the amount of loan 3. Number of times the companys earnings cover the payment of interest and repayment of principal of long term debt 4. Effective utilization of assets

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 EXERCISE 17. Which of the following is not considered a Quick Asset? 1. 2. 3. 4. Cash and Bank balances Bank Fixed Deposits Current Book Debts Loans and Advances

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Exercise 18. From the following financial statement calculate (i) Current Ratio (ii) Acid test Ratio (iii) Inventory Turnover (iv) Average Debt Collection Period (v) Average Creditors payment period.
C.Assets Inventories Debtors Cash C. Liabilities Trade Creditors 125 250 225 Sales 1500 Cost of sales 1000 Gross profit 500

200

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(i) Current Ratio : 600/200 = 3 : 1 (ii)Acid Test Ratio : Debtors+Cash /Trade creditors = 475/200 = 2.4 : 1 (iii) Inventory Turnover Ratio : Cost of sales / Inventories = 1000/125 = 8 times (iv) Average Debt collection period : (Debtors/sales) x 365 = (250/1500)x365 = 61 days (v)Average Creditors payment period : (Trade Creditors/Cost of sales) x 365 = (200/100) x 365 = 73 days

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 Thank You. Any Question.

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