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Petroleum/Crude oil
Natural occurring hydrocarbon found below the surface of the earth. Crude Oil means all kinds of hydrocarbons in liquid form in their natural state or obtained by Natural Gas by condensation or extraction. It is a hydrocarbon mixture having simple to most complex structures such as resins, asphaltenes etc. Crude oil is formed by bacterial transformation of Organic matter (carbohydrates/proteins/from plant & animal origin) by decay in presence and/or absence of air into HC rich sediments by undergoing biological/physical and chemical alterations
Chemical Composition
83.0 to 87.0% 10.0 to 14.0 % 0.05 to 6.0 % 0.1 to 2.0 % 0.05 to 1.5 % 0.00 to 0.14 %
32.7
32.6
32.4
32.2
31.8
275
286
19.4 3.26
297
19.8 3.61
309
20.2 3.91
320
21.3 4.0
Naphtha C5-140C
Kero 140-240C
Atm.Resid 370C+
SR 540600C+
Basrah Light
0.8745 30.3 -30 - nil 10 3.1 5.9 1.2 2.6 339 -
Bombay High
0.8200 41.0 21 3.4 - nil 0.09 0.1 1.1 12.7 0.25 372
Arab mix
0.8664 31.6 -24 10.0 8.9 nil L20 2.7 0.14 6.4 2.5 2.3 322
Kuwait
0.8741 30.3 -27 11.1 8.5 nil 2.0 2.8 0.14 5.4 6.0 2.5 335
North Gujarat 0.8932 26.8 27 65.6 31.4 4.1 200 0.08 1.93 2.5 5.9 0.05 367 61/L10
4/23 4/33
API Gravity
API Gravity API =(141.5/sp.gravity)-131.5 Light Crude Oil >31 Mixed Based 22-31 Heavy crude <22
BS&W
Base sediments and Water determined by Karl Fischer titration using a Met Rohm 701 KF Automatic Titrator (ASTM D 4377) or by Distillation method, ASTM D4006 Oils with significant water contents, (>5%), do not represent the properties of the "dry" oil.
Flash Point
flash points and fire points of lubricating oils can be determined by ASTM method D 92/IP 170 Many fresh crude oils have flash points below 10oC and/or viscosities above 9.5 cSt at 25oC
Pour Point
The pour point of an oil is the lowest temperature at which the oil will just flow, under standard test conditions. The pour point of the oils is therefore an indication, and not an exact measure, of the temperature at which flow ceases.
ASTM method D 97 - Standard Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Oils (ASTM, 1996a) for pour point determinations. Heavy & waxy oil transportation is a challenge
Viscosity
There are several ASTM Standard Methods for measuring the viscosity of oils. Of these, only methods D 445 Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity Transparent and Opaque Liquids (the Calculatio ofo f Dynamic Viscosity) and D 4486 - Standard Test Method n for Kinematic Viscosity of Volatile and Reactive Liquids, will yield absolute viscosity measurements (ASTM, 1996a). Both of these methods make use of glass capillary kinematic viscometers and will produce absolute measurements in units of centistokes (cSt) only for oils that exhibit Newtonian flow behavior (viscosity independent of the rate of shear).
Products
LPG Naphtha Petrol (BS-II/BSIII) Kerosene ATF Diesel (BS-II/BS-III) LOBS Bitumen RPC Wax
Fuel Oil (High S, Low S)
Fuel Oil (High or low Viscosity) LSHS HPS
Petrochemicals
pX, PTA LAB etc