Chapter 13

Leading to Victory

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Leadership Research
As A. Kent and P. Chelladurai note, While leadership has been an immensely popular area of study in industrial and organizational psychology, research on the topic of sport management has been largely focused on coaches rather than administrators.

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Coaching Requires Leadership

Management professor Dr. Judith Neal (University of New Haven) commented that what we once called coaching is now more appropriately called leadership.

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Managing Versus Leadership

Leaders influence people to work to achieve the organizations objectives. We frequently use manager and leader interchangeably. We shouldnt, because they are not necessarily one and the same. Leading is a management function (remember, there are fourplanning, organizing, leading, and controlling).

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Leadership Styles
Leadership style is the combination of traits, skills, and behaviors managers use to interact with employees. In the 1930s, before behavior theory became popular, researchers at the University of Iowa studied leadership styles of managers and identified three basic styles.
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Three Leadership Styles

Autocratic: The manager makes the decisions, tells employees what to do, and closely supervises thembasically Theory X behavior. Democratic: The manager encourages employee participation in decisions, works with them to determine what to do, and doesnt supervise them closelyTheory Y behavior. Laissez-faire: The manager lets employees go about their business without much inputthat is, employees decide what to do and take action, and the manager does not follow up.

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Leadership Grid
The Leadership Grid uses the same dimensions as the two-dimensional model; in the Grid, these dimensions are called concern for production and concern for people. The Leadership Grid identifies the ideal leadership style as having a high concern for both production and people.
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Leadership Grid Styles

(1,1) Impoverished leaders show low concern for both production and people. They do the minimum required to remain employed. (9,1) Authority-compliance leaders show a high concern for production and a low concern for people. They focus on getting the job done by treating people like machines. (1,9) Country club leaders show a low concern for production and a high concern for people. They strive to maintain a friendly atmosphere without much regard for production. (5,5) Middle of the road leaders balance their concerns for production and people. They strive for performance and morale levels that are minimally satisfactory. (9,9) Team leaders show a high concern for both production and people. They strive for maximum performance and maximum employee satisfaction.
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Creating a 9,9 Situation

Joe Torre of the New York Yankees has come close to creating an overall 9,9 situation. The players are happy to play for the Yankees, and the team has been very productive on and off the field.

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Current Leadership Research

Current researchers focus on which behaviors make top-notch managers outstanding, even though the managers individual leadership styles may vary dramatically. These researchers have identified charismatic, transformational, transactional, and symbolic leaders.
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Charismatic Leaders
Charismatic leaders inspire loyalty, enthusiasm, and high levels of performance. Charismatic leaders have a vision and a strong personal commitment to their goals; they communicate their goals to others, display selfconfidence, and are viewed as able to make the radical changes needed to reach the goals.
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Charismatic Leaders
In our media-driven age, charismatic fits many contemporary leaders, including Michael Jordan (basketball), Sammy Sosa (baseball), Ronaldo (soccer), and Brett Favre (football). Researchers A. Kent and P. Chelladurai found that charismatic leaders have a strong influence on employee commitment to the organization.
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Transformational Leaders
Transformational leaders create significant changes as they foster high-quality relationships and commitment from their employees Pat Gillick of the Seattle Mariners is a transformational leader. When he arrived in 1999, the Mariners had just lost its three best and most popular players. Gillick was brought in to inspire the team and lead it to winning. He succeeded by finding players who were positive role models and who worked well together. Gillick also brought an attitude that winning should be funas he says, Be positive. Be upbeat. Be supportive.
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Transactional & Symbolic Leaders

Transactional leaders emphasize exchange. Exchange is about rewarding jobs well done. Symbolic leaders establish and maintain a strong organizational culture. An organizations workforce learns the organizations culture (shared values, beliefs, and assumptions of how workers should behave in the organization) through its leadership.
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Vroom and Yetton

In the 1970s, Victor Vroom and Philip Yetton attempted to bridge the gap between leadership theory and managerial practice by developing a normative leadership model. Normative leaders use one of five decision-making styles appropriate for the situation. Vroom and Yetton identified the five leadership styles. Two are autocratic (AI and AII), two are consultative (CI and CII), and one is group-oriented (GII).
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Coaching Styles
The late Vince Lombardi, the legendary football coach, often used AI-style leadership. Does this style work today? It depends. Pat Summitts leadership style (Chapter 12) is quite similar to Lombardis. So is Bill Parcellss, who took the New York Giants to Super Bowl victories in 1986 and 1990. Other coaches prefer GII-style leadership. Phil Jackson, coach of the NBA-champion Chicago Bulls and Los Angeles Lakers, uses Zen-like philosophy to motivate and train his players. He has been blessed with superstar players, but he has also used a group attitude to produce results.
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Substitutes for Leadership

Substitutes for leadership eliminate the need for a leader. In certain circumstances, three characteristics can counteract or neutralize the efforts of leaders or render them unnecessary. Characteristics of subordinates Characteristics of the task Characteristics of the organization
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