Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Tankers
The new design provides safe, reliable & economical transport of chemical & petroleum products.
from the simplest single screw propulsion (jednovijani pogon), to the most comprehensive systems with two totally independent propulsion lines including twin screw ( dvovijani) or twin propulsion.
The cargo space is generally divided into three sections athwartships (poprijeno) by means of two longitudinal bulkheads and into individual tanks by transverse bulkheads. The maximum length of an oil tank is 20% L (L = length of vessel) and there is at least one wash bulkhead (pljuskaa) if the length of the tank exceeds 10%L or 15 m. Tanks are generally numbered from forward, each number having port (L), centre and starboard (R) compartments. Pump rooms ( pumpna stanica) are often located aft so that power may easily be supplied to the pumps from the engine room, but ships designed to carry many kinds of oil at once may be fitted with two pump rooms placed so as to divide the cargo space into three sections.
Machinery spaces is positioned aft of cargo tanks and slop tanks (tank za otpadnu vodu) . Any machinery space must be isolated from cargo tanks and slop tanks by cofferdams, cargo pump rooms, oil fuel bunker tanks or ballast tanks (balasni tank).
Panamax - The largest size crude oil tanker that can travel through the Panama Canal (up to 70,000 DWT). Aframax - This is a size of crude oil tanker which uses the Average Freight Rate Assessment method to calculate the cost of transportation (70,000 to 120,000 DWT). Suezmax - The largest size crude oil tanker that can travel through the Suez Canal while Loaded (120,000 200,000 DWT). Very Large Crude Carrier (VLCC) This is the size of a large crude oil carrier (200,000-325,000DWT).
Panamax (60,000-70,000 DWT) Minimum Average Length, feet Beam, feet Draft, feet DWT Capacity, Barrels 726 106 38 61,938 419,000 761 107 44 67,009 455,709 Maximum 797 118 45 69,999 527,285
Aframax (70,000-120,000 DWT) Minimum Average Maximum 840 150 57 116,283 817,000
10
Suezmax (120,000-200,000 DWT) Minimum Average Length, feet Beam, feet Draft, feet DWT Capacity, Barrels 817 896 Maximum 952
Minimum Average Length, 1037 feet Beam, feet 184 Draft, feet 62 DWT 258,096 Capacity, 1,920,000 Barrels 1091 193 71 300,118
136 48 121,000
808,000
154 55 152,765
174 61 169,204
1,023,882 1,142,000
2,089,087 2,221,000
11
Accommodation spaces, main cargo control stations, control stations and service spaces (excluding isolated cargo handling gear lockers) must be positioned aft of all cargo tanks, slop tanks, and spaces which isolate cargo or slop tanks from machinery spaces.
12
13
Following the Erika incident off the coast of France in December 1999, IMO Member States discussed proposals for accelerating the phase-out of single hull tankers. As a result, in April 2001, IMO adopted a revised phase-out schedule for single hull tankers, which entered into force on 1 September 2003 (the 2001 amendments to MARPOL). The revised requirements set out a stricter timetable for the phasing-out of single-hull tankers. In December 2003, further revisions to the requirements were made, accelerating further the phase-out schedule.
These amendments entered into force on 5 April 2005. A new regulation on the prevention of oil pollution from oil tankers when carrying heavy grade oil (HGO)/heavy fuel oil (HFO) (teka nafta) banned the carriage of HGO in single-hull tankers of 5,000 tons dwt and above after the date of entry into force of the regulation (5 April 2005), and in single-hull oil tankers of 600 tons dwt and above but less than 5,000 tons DWT, not later than 2008.