The magnetic field of magnets

Electric currents also create

magnetic fields
Magnetic fields of wires, loops,
and solenoids
Magnetic forces on moving
charges and electric currents
Magnets and magnetic
materials
Chapter 24 Magnetic Fields and Forces
Topics:
Sample question:
This image of a patients knee was made with magnetic fields, not
x rays. How can we use magnetic fields to visualize the inside of
the body?
Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum
Magnetic bacteria!
Question:
How does the compass needle respond?
S N
Pivot
Pivot
S N
S

N

Question:
How does the compass needle respond?
Discovering Magnetism
Penny
The smallest elements of electricity are electric charges of
positive and negative variety. (e.g., an electron)

The smallest elements of magnetism are magnetic dipoles with
north and south poles built in.

Bar magnets are magnetic dipoles
Magnetic dipoles resemble electric dipoles, but the
poles cannot be separated as opposite magnetic
charges.
Magnetic dipole
Electric dipole
No magnetic charges have ever been found!
Q: Is magnetism different from electricity?
If a magnet is broken in half,
each half has two poles!
Once a dipole, always a dipole.
Q: Can electric charges attract (or repel) magnets?
They are like the original
magnet, just smaller.
Magnets do not respond to a charged rod nearby.
The magnetic force is different from the electric force!
Magnetic vs. electric
(No response)
But they do respond to a current carrying wire!
Recall:
The electric field exerts a
torque on the electric dipole.
(Torque) = (Force) (Perpendicular distance from axis of rotation)
The magnetic field
exerts a torque on the
magnetic dipole.
Likewise
The Magnetic Field
Revealing the field of a bar magnet with iron filings
Mapping out the field of a bar magnet with compasses
B
B
B
Field Lines of
a Bar Magnet
B
Magnetic field
lines never cross
one another.
Atlas of magnetic fields produced by bar magnets
A single bar magnet A single bar magnet
(close-up)
Two bar magnets,
unlike poles facing
Two bar magnets,
like poles facing
Field
lines
never
cross
one
another!
Atlas of magnetic fields produced by bar magnets
Checking Understanding
At each of the numbered points above, in
which direction (A-E) will a compass point?
1. B 2. A 3. D 4. E
Magnetic Fields Around Us
Refrigerator
magnet
Hard drive
Magnetic Fields Around Us
Earths magnetic field is created by electric currents
in the molten iron core [see next slide].
A long, straight
wire
A current loop A solenoid
Atlas of magnetic fields produced by currents in wires
The magnetic field of a straight current-carrying wire
The right-hand rule
Representing Vectors
and Currents That
Are Perpendicular to
the Page
Checking Understanding
Point P is 5 cm above the wire (toward you) as you
look straight down at it. In which direction is the
magnetic field at P?
Answer
Point P is 5 cm above the wire (toward you) as you
look straight down at it. In which direction is the
magnetic field at P?
Drawing field vectors and field lines of a current-carrying
wire
3-D drawing
I
The magnetic field of a current loop
The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid
A short solenoid
A long solenoid
I
I
The field due to a long, straight, current-carrying wire
B =

0
I
2tr

0
= 4t 10
7
T m/A
= 1.257 10
6
T m/A
Permeability constant:
r
A. 10 A to the right.
B. 5 A to the right.
C. 2.5 A to the right.
D. 10 A to the left.
E. 5 A to the left.
F. 2.5 A to the left.
The magnetic field at point P is zero. What are the magnitude
and direction of the current in the lower wire?
Checking Understanding




A. 5 A to the left.
The magnetic field at point P is zero. What are the magnitude
and direction of the current in the lower wire?
Answer
Magnetic-
field
problems
The magnetic field of a current loop
Magnetic field at the center of
a current loop of radius R
B =

0
I
2R
Magnetic field at the center of
a current loop with N turns
B =

0
NI
2R
Example Problem 1
What is the direction and magnitude of the magnetic field at
point P, at the center of the loop?
The magnetic field inside a solenoid
Magnetic field inside a solenoid
of length L with N turns.
B =
0
I
N
L
Solenoids provide a practical means to create uniform
magnetic fields.
Uniform magnetic fields
Solenoids
Parallel-plate
capacitors
Uniform magnetic fields
Uniform electric fields
(Long and skinny)
(Large and close together)
Ampres discovery of magnetic forces
The magnetic force on a moving charge
No magnetic force
if the velocity is
zero or parallel to
the field direction.
o o
o = 90
The magnetic force depends on the field, the
velocity, and the angle between them, and its
direction is always perpendicular to both the field
and the velocity, according to the right-hand rule.


The right-hand rule for forces on a positive charge
The force on a negative charge is opposite.
Example Problem 2
Charged particles pass through a velocity selector with electric
and magnetic fields at right angles to each other, as shown. If
the electric field has a magnitude of 450 N/C and the magnetic
field has a magnitude of 0.18 T, what speed must the particles
have to pass through the selector undeflected?

Paths of Charged Particles
in Magnetic Fields

q vB=m
v
2
r
Magnetic
force
Centripetal
acceleration

r=
mv
q B
Counterclockwise for
a positive charge with
B-field into page.
Newtons 2nd law:
The Mass Spectrometer

r=
mv
q B
For each path
Checking Understanding
1. Two charged particles move at right angles to a magnetic field
and deflect in opposite directions. Can one conclude that the
particles have opposite charges?
2. An electron moves with constant velocity through a region of
space that is free of magnetic fields. Can one conclude that the
electric field is zero in this region?
3. An electron moves with constant velocity through a region of
space that is free of electric fields. Can one conclude that the
magnetic field is zero in this region?
Magnetic force problems:
Example Problem 3
An electron accelerated from rest through a voltage of 410 V
enters a region of constant magnetic field. If the electron
follows a circular path with a radius of 17 cm, what is the
magnitude of the magnetic field?
No work is done on a charged particle by any magnetic
force. (Why?)
No work means no change in the particles kinetic
energy. (Whats the theorem this is based on?)
Thus the particles speed remains constant in a purely
magnetic region. (Why just the speed?)
The path of a charged particle entering a uniform magnetic
field region is circular in the plane perpendicular to the
field. (The magnetic force causes a centripetal
acceleration.) If the velocity has a component along the
field direction, that component is unchanged.
Two things about motion in B-field:
RECAP
Because the magnetic force is always perpendicular to
the direction of motion and the field direction
Suppose particles A, B, and C in the figure have identical masses and
charges of the same magnitude. (a) Rank the particles in order of
increasing speed. Indicate ties where appropriate. (b) What is the sign
of the charge for each of the three particles? Explain. (c) Suppose,
instead, that the three particles have the same mass and speed. Rank
the particles in order of increasing magnitude of their charge. Indicate
ties where appropriate.
Checking Understanding
Magnetic Fields Exert Forces on Currents
Magnitude of the force on a current segment
of length L perpendicular to a magnetic field
Forces between Currents
Magnetic force between two parallel
current-carrying wires
The details: Identifying the magnetic field
created by a current-carrying wire
Magnetic force on a length L of current wire I
2

Recall: The force on length L of a current wire
I placed perpendicular to a magnetic field B is

F=I
2
L

0
I
1
2td
|
\

|
.
|
Magnetic field created by current wire
I
1
at the location of current wire I
2
.
Rearrange the equation for the force
between two parallel wires and compare:

F=I LB
d
I
1
I
2
Wire segments of length L
F
F
Forces between Current Loops
Forces between Current Loops
A current loop acts like a bar magnet!
A loop of wire is connected to the terminals of a battery as
shown. If the loop is to attract the bar magnet, which of the
terminals, A or B, should be the positive terminal of the battery?
Explain.
Checking Understanding
(a) OK, a current-carrying wire experiences a magnetic
force in a magnetic field. But a charged rod (electric
field) has no effect on the current-carrying wire. Why
just a magnetic force and no electric force on the wire,
whereas a moving charge in a region of both fields will
experience both electric and magnetic forces?
(b) A current-carrying wire is placed in a region with a
uniform magnetic field. The wire experiences zero
magnetic force. Explain.
Checking Understanding
Example Problem 4
A wire with a length of 2.7 m and a mass of 0.75 kg is in a
region of space with a magnetic field of 0.84 T. What is the
minimum current needed to levitate the wire?
Example Problem 5
Two long, straight wires are separated by a distance of 12.2 cm.
One wire carries a current of 2.75 A, the other carries a current of
4.33 A. (a) Find the force per meter exerted on the 2.75-A wire.
(b) Is the force per meter exerted on the 4.33-A wire greater than,
less than, or the same as the force per meter exerted on the 2.75-A
wire? Explain.
Magnetic Fields Exert Torques on Current Loops
The Torque (force of rotation) on a Dipole in a
Magnetic Field
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
The Electric Motor
Two charges exert forces on each other
through the electric fields they create.
Two currents exert forces on each other
through the magnetic fields they create.
Parallels:
The field model of electricity and magnetism
Behavior of bar magnets and compasses
We have come a full circle
The magnetic field model
Magnetic field
Magnets and
compasses
Currents and
moving charges
Produce
Magnets and
compasses
Currents and
moving charges
Exerts
force on
Permanent magnetism
Electricity
Magnetism
Deep
connection
Due to properties of charges the inherent magnetism of electrons