Mendels Legacy

Chapter 9-1

Objectives
Describe Mendels Law of Segregation and Independent Assortment through patterns of inheritance Use Punnett squares to determine probablility of genotype and phenotype Draw monohybrid and dihybrid crosses

Vocabulary
Allele Codominance Complete Dominance Dihybrid cross Dominant Genetics Genotype Heredity Heterozygous Homozygous Incomplete dominance Law of Independent assortment Law of segregation Monohybrid cross Phenotype Probability Punnett square Pure Recessive Strain Trait

Mendel
Heredity is the transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring Observed 7 traits (characteristics) of pea plants and wanted to explain variations Controlled pollination (pollen from male anther transferred to female stigma)
Self-pollination pollinates same flower or same plant Cross-pollination pollinates another plant

Experiments
Created 14 strains (pure [always produce offspring with trait] for specific trait) P1 generations (parent) Created an F1 generation of cross-pollinated plants of a specific strain Created an F2 generation of self-pollinated plants Counted and recorded traits in every cross

Results and Conclusions

Concluded that 1 factor in a pair may prevent other from having an effect
Dominant factor masks other factor Recessive factor didnt appear in F1 but reappears

Law of segregation states that factors are separated in gametes (1 trait) Law of independent assortment states that factors for different characteristics are distributed individually (more than 1 trait)

Chromosomes and Genes

Molecular genetics studies the structure and function of chromosomes and genes Factors are called alleles
Dominant (capital letter) recessive (lowercase letter) Offspring receives 1 allele from each parent

Law of independent assortment is supported because chromosomes separate independently

Genetic Crosses
Chapter 9-2

Genotype and Phenotype

Genotype is the genetic makeup
White, pp Purple, PP or Pp

Phenotype is the appearance Homozygous is when both alleles are the same (pp or PP) Heterozygous is when alleles are different (Pp)

Probability
The likelihood an event will occur Decimal, percent, or fraction Probability= (number of times an event is expected)/(number of opportunities)

Predicting Results of Monohybrid Crosses

Monohybrid cross is a cross between individuals involving one pair of traits A Punnett Square aids in predicting probability inherited by offspring Genotypic ratio is the ratio of genotypes Phenotypic ratio is the ratio of phenotypes A testcross is when an unknown genotype is crossed with homozygous recessive

Homozygous x Homozygous
b B B Bb Bb b Bb Bb

Homozygous x Heterozygous
B b

B
B

BB
BB

Bb
Bb

Heterozygous x Heterozygous
B B b BB Bb b Bb bb B b

Testcross
b Bb Bb b bb bb

Predicting Results of Monohybrid Crosses

Complete dominance heterozygous and homozygous dominant look the same Incomplete dominance is when both alleles (heterozygous) influence appearance
Ex: Red allele and white allele make pink

Codominance is when both alleles (heterozygous) are expressed but do not blend
Ex: Brown and black coat on dog

Incomplete Dominance
R R r RR Rr r Rr rr

Codominance
R r r Rr Rr R Rr Rr

Predicting Results of Dihybrid Crosses

Dihybrid cross is between two pairs of different traits
Homozygous x Homozygous
rryy ry RY RRYY RY ry ry ry RY Ry RrYy rY ry RY Ry

Heterozygous x Heterozygous
RrYy rY ry RrYy Rryy rrYy rryy

RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy

RRYY RRYy RrYY RRYy RRyy RrYY RrYy RrYy Rryy RrYy rrYY rrYy

RY
RY

RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy

RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy