PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY

What is Biotechnology ?
Use of living organisms to solve problems or make useful products
Use of cells and biomolecules to solve problems or make useful products Almost anything to do with biology & technology

Use of living organism or parts of them to produce industrially goods or services

Molecular Biology Molecular Genetics

Microbiology

Biochemistry Engineering Processes

Cell Biology

Biotechnology
Health Diagnoses Fermentation Industry Chemical Industry

Pharmaceutical Industry

Environment and Energy

Food and Animal Feed Industry

Progression of Biotechnology The Era before Louis Pasteur

Alcoholic drinks (Beer, Wine, Palm-wine) Fermented Food (Cheese, yoghurt, tape, tempe, petis, terasi)

Progression of Biotechnology The Era of Louis Pasteur

Alcohol (Ethanol, Butanol, aceton, glycerol) Organic acids (Citric acid, acetic acid) Aerobic waste treatment

Progression of Biotechnology The Era of Antibiotics

Antibiotics (Penicillin, tetracyclin, streptomycin) Vaccine (NCD, polio) Steroid Transformation (DOPA) Liquid Medium Fermentation Technology Animal Tissue Culture Technology

Progression of Biotechnology The Era of Post-Antibiotics

Amino Acids (Glutamic Acid, Lysin, aspartame) Single Cell Protein Enzyme (Amylase, Glucose isomerase, Glucose dehydrogenase) Cell and Enzyme Mobilization Technology Anaerobic liquid waste treatment technology (Biogas) Polisaccharide bacteria (Xanthan, Trehalosa)

Progression of Biotechnology Modern Biotechnology Era

1973, The gene can be cloned for the first time 1974, Cloned gene expression on different organism 1975, monoclonal antibody (Hybridome Technology Technology of diagnostic test using antibody Genetic Engineering Artificial vaccine Insulin from alcoholic drink

The Most Used Terms in Modern Biotechnology

Transgene Strange gene which is inserted into a species
Example Cry gene (gene codes for toxic protein for Coleoptera)

Transgenic organism an organism contains of transgene by the process of biotechnology (not a cross as in plant breeding process)
Example Bollgard cotton Herbicide resistant maize

PRODUCTS OF MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE

GMO - Genetically modified organisms
An organism which has a new trait that is not found before as a result of addition of gene derived from another organism. Also called as Transgenic organism

Pest resistant Maize Bt toxin content can kill a corn borer Gene controls toxin production is derived from bacteria
Normal Transgenic

Cry gene designation

Toxic to these insect orders

CryIA(a), CryIA(b), CryIA(c)

Lepidoptera

Cry1B, Cry1C, Cry1D

CryII CryIII CryIV

Lepidoptera
Lepidoptera, Diptera Coleoptera Diptera

CryV

Lepidoptera, Coleoptera

Virus resistant plants papaya, orange, potato Resistance Gene is derived from virus

Herbicide resistant plants already exist: soybean, maize, canola next: sugarbeet, cabbage, strawberry, alfalfa, potato, wheat Resistance Gene is derived from bacteria

HERBICIDE TOLERANCE CROPS (HTCs)

Herbicide Bromoxynil Commercial Name Buctril Herbicide Tolerant Crops cotton, potato, tobacco sugar beet, corn, cotton, lettuce, canola, soybean, tobacco, tomato, wheat

Glyphosate
Glufosinate Sulfonylureas Imidazolinones 2,4-D Sethoxydim Triazines

Roundup

Liberty, alfalfa, sugar beet, corn, barley, melon, peanut, Ignite, Basta rice, canola, soybean, tomato, wheat corn, cotton, tobacco, tomato, flax, soybean, sugar beet corn, canola, wheat potato, sweetgum, cotton corn canola

The Differences between Plant Biotechnology and Plant Breeding

Plant Biotechnology
Plant Biotechnology allows the plant breeder a wider choice of traits to choose from and allows the trait to be realized in a more precise manner and within a shorter time period. Can only use genes from within one species or several closely related species or wild species, becoming a limitation due to loss of genetic diversity Takes many years to develop an improved variety

Conventional plant breeding

Interspecific crossing in Plant Breeding

Wheat Rye

Triticale New species, but NOT as result of Modern Biotechnology process

Mutagenesis: New trait, without a strange gene

Mutagenesis changes DNA sequences of a gene allow to get a new advantageous trait
Mutagenesis treatment
Gene target

ATTCGA

New Gene

ATTGGA

 While traditional breeding approaches have worked well, they can be very time consuming and sometimes inefficient. Each plant has tens of thousands of genes, so crossing two plants results in a multitude of combinations. With advances in technology, scientists can now precisely identify through marker technology some of the individual genes responsible for producing a particular characteristic. Traits such as fruit color or resistance to a particular pest, make breeding new varieties quicker and more precise.

Table 1. Areas of Biotech Crop Growth 2004

COUNTRY AREA (m Ha) CROP

USA Argentina Canada Brazil China South Africa India Paraguay Uruguay Australia Romania Spain Mexico

47.6 16.2 5.4 5.0 3.7 0.5 0.5 1.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1

Cotton, Maize, Soybean Soybean, Maize, Cotton Canola, Maize, Soybean Soybean Cotton Maize, Soybean, Cotton Cotton Cotton Soybean, Maize Soybean Soybean Maize Cotton, Soybean