03

ENGINEERING DESIGN ENGINEERING GEOMETRY

MEMB113 ENGINEERING GRAPHICS & CAE

03 ENGINEERING DESIGN | ENGINEERING GEOMETRY

MEMB113 | Dept. of Mechanical Engineering | UNITEN | 2005

Contents
Engineering design
Engineering geometry How to draw?
Examples of previous exercises

Engineering Design

03 ENGINEERING DESIGN | ENGINEERING GEOMETRY

MEMB113 | Dept. of Mechanical Engineering | UNITEN | 2005

Design
Design is the process of conceiving or inventing ideas mentally and communicating those ideas to others in a form that is easily understood. Normally using graphical way. Generally, design is used for two primary purposes:
Personal expression (usually art) Product/process development

03 ENGINEERING DESIGN | ENGINEERING GEOMETRY

MEMB113 | Dept. of Mechanical Engineering | UNITEN | 2005

Category of design
DESIGN Personal Expression (Artistic)

Product/Process Development (Technical)

Aesthetic (Industrial design)

Functional (Engineering Design)

Engineering Design Cycle Product Process

03 ENGINEERING DESIGN | ENGINEERING GEOMETRY

MEMB113 | Dept. of Mechanical Engineering | UNITEN | 2005

Engineering design
Engineering drawing in design process
Visualise Sketches Geometric model
to see the problem & possible solutions
Visualisation is the ability to mentally picture things that do not exist Communication the design solution should be communicated to others without ambiguity Documentation permanent record of the solution

to record initial ideas

created from sketches used for analysis

Detail drawings 3D model

to record the precise data for production process

Engineering Geometry

03 ENGINEERING DESIGN | ENGINEERING GEOMETRY

MEMB113 | Dept. of Mechanical Engineering | UNITEN | 2005 MEMB113 | MANUAL DRAWING | CHAPTER 3

Overview
Geometry provides the building blocks for the engineering design process. Engineering geometry is the basic geometric elements and forms used in engineering design. Coordinate system
cartesian coordinate system polar coordinate system

Cartesian coordinate system

Polar coordinate system

03 ENGINEERING DESIGN | ENGINEERING GEOMETRY

MEMB113 | Dept. of Mechanical Engineering | UNITEN | 2005

Overview
Absolute coordinate & Relative coordinate Right hand rule
to determine positive direction of axis

Absolute

Relative

Right hand rule

03 ENGINEERING DESIGN | ENGINEERING GEOMETRY

MEMB113 | Dept. of Mechanical Engineering | UNITEN | 2005 MEMB113 | MANUAL DRAWING | CHAPTER 3

Geometric elements
Can be categorised as points, lines, surfaces, solids. Points, lines, circles and arcs are basic 2D geometric primitives.

03 ENGINEERING DESIGN | ENGINEERING GEOMETRY

MEMB113 | Dept. of Mechanical Engineering | UNITEN | 2005 MEMB113 | MANUAL DRAWING | CHAPTER 3

Geometric elements
Point - theoretical location that has neither width, height, nor depth. It describe an exact location in space. Represented as a small cross. Line - has length and direction, but not thickness. May be straight or curve or both.

03 ENGINEERING DESIGN | ENGINEERING GEOMETRY

MEMB113 | Dept. of Mechanical Engineering | UNITEN | 2005 MEMB113 | MANUAL DRAWING | CHAPTER 3

Geometric elements
Circle - is a single-curved-surface, all points of which are equidistant from one point, the center

03 ENGINEERING DESIGN | ENGINEERING GEOMETRY

MEMB113 | Dept. of Mechanical Engineering | UNITEN | 2005 MEMB113 | MANUAL DRAWING | CHAPTER 3

Geometric elements

Major components of a circle

03 ENGINEERING DESIGN | ENGINEERING GEOMETRY

MEMB113 | Dept. of Mechanical Engineering | UNITEN | 2005

Tangent
A line is tangent to a circle if it touches the circle at one and only one point. At exact point of tangency, a radius makes a right angle to the tangent line. Two curves are tangent to each other if they touch in one and only place.
Tangent point between two circles (curves)

Tangent point between a straight line & a circle

How to draw?

03 ENGINEERING DESIGN | ENGINEERING GEOMETRY

MEMB113 | Dept. of Mechanical Engineering | UNITEN | 2005

How to draw?
All drawing consist of the combination of basic geometric elements. Some of the common elements:
Straight lines Circles Arcs Freeform curves

03 ENGINEERING DESIGN | ENGINEERING GEOMETRY

MEMB113 | Dept. of Mechanical Engineering | UNITEN | 2005

How to draw?
E.g. simple object as shown Inspect the overall size of the object compare to the available drawing space to decide on the suitable scale Observe the feature Start drawing
Draw circle & arc first (if any) Draw centre lines before that Make sure of using correct pencil or line thickness Draw straight lines Add in other things e.g. dimensions, etc.

Be careful of blending and cleanliness of the drawing Make your drawing sharp and solid

03 ENGINEERING DESIGN | ENGINEERING GEOMETRY

MEMB113 | Dept. of Mechanical Engineering | UNITEN | 2005

Points to remember
Overall shape & feature Line quality (thickness, consistency, etc.) Size & scale Dimension (if available) Drawing quality (cleanliness, etc.) Projection (if any) Other info

03 ENGINEERING DESIGN | ENGINEERING GEOMETRY

MEMB113 | Dept. of Mechanical Engineering | UNITEN | 2005

Drawing examples

Line quality good Good solid object line line thickness good use of thick & thin construction of arc need to be improved blending can be further improved

03 ENGINEERING DESIGN | ENGINEERING GEOMETRY

MEMB113 | Dept. of Mechanical Engineering | UNITEN | 2005

Drawing examples

Line thickness not consistent Poor blending construction lines too thick, need to erase circle construction poor dimensioning poor scale not written

03 ENGINEERING DESIGN | ENGINEERING GEOMETRY

MEMB113 | Dept. of Mechanical Engineering | UNITEN | 2005

Drawing examples

Object lines too thin Object lines & centre lines same thickness Dimensioning not follow standard

03 ENGINEERING DESIGN | ENGINEERING GEOMETRY

MEMB113 | Dept. of Mechanical Engineering | UNITEN | 2005

Drawing examples

Line quality good Good solid object line line thickness good use of thick & thin construction of arc need to be improved blending can be further improved

03 ENGINEERING DESIGN | ENGINEERING GEOMETRY

MEMB113 | Dept. of Mechanical Engineering | UNITEN | 2005

Drawing examples

Object shape is wrong! Line thickness not consistent Poor blending construction lines too thick, need to erase circle construction poor dimensioning poor scale not written

03 ENGINEERING DESIGN | ENGINEERING GEOMETRY

MEMB113 | Dept. of Mechanical Engineering | UNITEN | 2005

Drawing examples
Line quality acceptable but should be darker blending between straight line & arc need improvement good lettering missing scale

End of chapter [03]

References: - Engineering Drawing, A.W. Boundy, McGraw-Hill, 2000 - Fundamentals of Graphics Communication 3rd Edition, Gary Bertoline & Eric Weibe, McGraw-Hill