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are
more
sensitive
to
amplitude
FM
In FM systems, inter-modulation noise is caused primarily by transmission gain and delay distortion, and it is a function of signal amplitude and the magnitude of the frequency deviation.
Provides
point-to-point communications
Carries
expandable
Microwave
carry high speed data, facsimile, broadcastquality audio, and commercial television signals.
1.
2.
channels
3. 4.
Pre-emphasis
to frequency modulate the Intermediate Frequency ( IF ) baseband frequencies to phase modulate it.
FM
IF IF
common
Low-index
IF
The
isolation and filtering necessary to separate individual microwave channels and direct them to their respective receivers.
The
band-pass
filter,
AM
mixer,
and
The
the output of the FM detector, a derestores the baseband amplitude-versusto its original
frequency characteristics.
Permissible
distance between transmitter and receiver depends on the following system variables: 1. Transmitter output power 2. Receiver noise threshold 3. Terrain 4. Atmospheric conditions 5. System capacity 6. Reliability objectives 7. Performance expectations
Typical
With
systems longer than 40 miles or when obstructions, the such as a block transmission path,
geographical mountain,
amplifies
retransmits the signal to the next repeater or terminal station down line from it.
The
greatly influenced by the nature of the terrain between and surrounding the sites.
Preliminary
relatively flat areas, and path (hop) lengths will average between 25 miles and 35 miles between stations.
In
Transmitter
will
similarly
process.
The
For
In
level as possible. In addition, the possibility of interference, either internal or external, must be considered.
Intermediate
BASEBAND
Frequency ( IF )
Radio
Frequency ( RF )
Received
IF
frequency,
amplified,
reshaped,
up-
The
frequency-division-multiplexed
channels, is further demodulated to a master group, super group, group or even channel
level.
This
the
baseband
signal
has
been
Repeater
demodulates the RF to baseband, and the reshapes FM the it, and With is then this not carrier. baseband
reconfigured.
Essentially,
the
same
accomplishes.
The
difference
is
that
in
baseband
configuration, the amplifier and equalizer act on baseband frequencies rather than IF frequencies.
The
than 9 MHz, whereas the IF frequencies are in the range 60 MHz to 80 Mhz.
Consequently,
the filters
and
amplifiers
necessary for baseband repeaters are simpler to design and less expensive than the ones required for IF repeaters.
The
disadvantage
of
baseband
The
converted to IF or baseband; it is simply mixed (heterodyned) with a local oscillator frequency in a nonlinear mixer.
The
the sum or the difference between the incoming frequency, depending on whether frequency up- or down-conversion is desired.
The
frequency
than
either
the
received
or
Example:
RFin
= 6.2 GHz LO = 0.2 GHz RFout = 6.4 GHz (sum) RFout = 6.0 GHz (difference)
For
The
frequency