CH 0203

TECHNICAL DRAWING MENG 1001
Engineering Drawing
By : BISRAT GIRMA Mechanical Engineering Department
A generalization of projection and multiview drawings
Objectives
Theory of projection Orthographic Projections View Selection Glass Box Approach First and Third Angle Projections Line Precedence Line Quality Dimensional Accuracy multi View Drawings Revolved view
Theory of projection
Orthographic projection
Axonometric projection
Oblique projection
Perspective Drawings
A perspective drawing offers the most realistic three-dimensional view of all the pictorial methods, because it portrays the object in a manner that is most similar to how the human eye perceives the visual world.
Perspective Drawings
1-Point
2-Point
3-Point
Perspective projection
Two-Point Perspective 2nd Method
History
Orthographic Projection was formalized by Gaspard Monge (b. 1746). Monge worked as a drafter in the fortification design office of the school at Mezier for French army officers His work was kept a military secret for a number of years until he was allowed to publish in 1795. Stone cutters were the first to adopt his methods. Later carpenters and other trades abandoned their old methods for orthographic projection.
Orthographic Projections are a collection of 2-D drawings that work together to give an accurate overall representation of an object.
Multiview Drawing
A multiview drawing is one that shows two or more two-dimensional views of a three-dimensional object.
Multiview drawings provide the shape description of an object. When combined with dimensions, multiview drawings serve as the main form of communication between designers and manufacturers.
Defining the Six Principal Views or Orthographic Views
Multiview Drawing
Width, Depth, and Height

All three-dimensional objects have width, height, and depth. Width is associated with an objects sideto-side dimension. Height is the measure of an object from top-to-bottom. Depth is associated with front-to-back distance.
45
Glass Box Approach
Most powerful technique to understand orthographic projections Suspend the object with transparent strings inside a glass box Freeze the view from each direction (each of the six sides of the box) and unfold the box Animation illustrates glass-box approach
Glass Box Approach
Glass Box Approach
Glass Box Approach
Glass Box Approach
Glass Box Approach
Glass Box Approach
Orthographic Projection
Orthographic projection is a technique that is used to create multiview drawings.
Orthographic projection is any projection of the features of an object onto an imaginary plane of projection. The projection of the features of the object is made by lines of sight that are perpendicular to the plane of projection.
The best way to understand orthographic projection is to imagine an object contained inside a glass box.
There is a total of six glass walls surrounding the object. Each wall represents a projection plane onto which a twodimensional object view will be created.
Projection Plane
A projection plane, also referred to as a plane of projection or picture plane, is an imaginary surface that exists between the viewer and the object. The projection plane is the surface onto which a two-dimensional view of a threedimensional object is projected and created.
Start by focusing only on the front projection plane. A person standing in front of the object would see only the five corners identified in black.
2 3 1 4 5
Projection lines are used to project each corner outward until they reach the projection plane.
Projection Lines
A projection line is an imaginary line that is used to locate or project the corners, edges, and features of a three-dimensional object onto an imaginary two-dimensional surface.
The visible edges of the object are then identified on the projection plane by connecting the projected corners with object lines.
The orthographic projection process is then repeated on the other projection planes.
First and Third Angle Projections
Third-angle Projection
First Angle International Third Angle U.S.
First-angle Projection
First Angle Projection
Sketching a Multiview Drawing

Given the overall dimensions of the object, a pencil, and a sheet of graph paper, a sketching multiview drawing can be easily done using points, construction lines, and object lines.

Step #1: Calculate the amount of space that the views will take up.
Calculating Required Space
12 spaces
Overall Multiview Sketch Height? Overall Multiview Sketch Width?
18 spaces

Step #2: Layout the boxes within which the individual views will occur using points and construction lines.
Construction Line Layout

Step #2: Layout the boxes within which the individual views will occur using points and construction lines.
Step #3: Identify the visible edges by drawing object lines on top of the construction lines.
Object Line Layout
Precedence of Lines
Visible lines takes precedence over all other lines Hidden lines and cutting plane lines take precedence over center lines
0.3 mm
0.6 mm
Center lines have lowest precedence or cutting plane line

0.6 mm
Break lines Dimension line Section line
Application of Precedence
Intersecting Lines in Orthographic Projections
Solid Line Intersections
Dashed Line Intersections
Gap
Two-View Drawings
Some objects can be fully described by two views, look for:
Symmetry or Bodies of Rotation
Front View
Right Side View
Front View
Right Side
Necessary Views
A sketch or drawing should only contain the views needed to clearly and completely describe the object. Choose the views that show the shape most clearly, have the fewest hidden lines, and show the object in a usual, stable, or operating position.
Revolved views are used to give a clearer representation of an object. We actually draw the object incorrectly to make it easier to understand. Here, webs have revolved to 12, 3 and 6 oclock positions to make the view easier to visualize.
Week 4: Multiview Drawings 2
Here, the correct view of the object will appear to be a mass of hidden lines in the right side view. By representing only the 12 & 6 oclock positions, we create a view that is easier to understand. Further notes would be added to the front view during dimensioning.
Arms and spokes are often revolved to create a view of the object that is easier for the human brain to visualize.
A Question
Each of the blocks at right has the same overall dimensions and color. What else do they have in common?
A Question
Each of the blocks at right has the same They all have overall identical top dimensions and views! color. What else do they have in common?
Summary
The six standard views are often thought of as produced from an unfolded glass box. Distances can be transferred or projected from one view to another. Only the views necessary to fully describe the object should be drawn.
Hints for Orthographic Projection Sketching

Identify the major features and overall dimensions of the object Do not use any straight-edge devices as a pencil guide when sketching by hand Start by drawing bounding boxes with light construction lines. Keep views aligned while sketching

Title Information is required follow conventions Usage of construction lines is encouraged.
Mandatory for circle or ellipse
Orthographic projection:
Alignment of the views is important! Will not be graded, if not aligned

Map inclined and oblique faces to all three views
Follow the precedence of lines Darken all visible, hidden, and center lines
THANK YOU !!!!!!! SEE YOU NEXT TIME WITH YOUR INSRUMENTS, WE WILL HAVE A QUIZ!!!

CH 0203

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TECHNICAL DRAWING MENG 1001

TECHNICAL DRAWING MENG 1001

A generalization of projection and multiview drawings

TECHNICAL DRAWING MENG 1001

TECHNICAL DRAWING MENG 1001

TECHNICAL DRAWING MENG 1001

TECHNICAL DRAWING MENG 1001

TECHNICAL DRAWING MENG 1001

TECHNICAL DRAWING MENG 1001

TECHNICAL DRAWING MENG 1001

Two-Point Perspective 2nd Method

TECHNICAL DRAWING MENG 1001

TECHNICAL DRAWING MENG 1001

TECHNICAL DRAWING MENG 1001

TECHNICAL DRAWING MENG 1001

TECHNICAL DRAWING MENG 1001

TECHNICAL DRAWING MENG 1001

Width, Depth, and Height

TECHNICAL DRAWING MENG 1001

Width, Depth, and Height

TECHNICAL DRAWING MENG 1001

Width, Depth, and Height

TECHNICAL DRAWING MENG 1001

TECHNICAL DRAWING MENG 1001

TECHNICAL DRAWING MENG 1001

TECHNICAL DRAWING MENG 1001

TECHNICAL DRAWING MENG 1001

TECHNICAL DRAWING MENG 1001

TECHNICAL DRAWING MENG 1001

TECHNICAL DRAWING MENG 1001

TECHNICAL DRAWING MENG 1001

TECHNICAL DRAWING MENG 1001

TECHNICAL DRAWING MENG 1001

TECHNICAL DRAWING MENG 1001

TECHNICAL DRAWING MENG 1001

TECHNICAL DRAWING MENG 1001

TECHNICAL DRAWING MENG 1001

TECHNICAL DRAWING MENG 1001

TECHNICAL DRAWING MENG 1001

First Angle International Third Angle U.S.

TECHNICAL DRAWING MENG 1001

TECHNICAL DRAWING MENG 1001

Sketching a Multiview Drawing

TECHNICAL DRAWING MENG 1001

Sketching a Multiview Drawing

TECHNICAL DRAWING MENG 1001

Calculating Required Space

Overall Multiview Sketch Height? Overall Multiview Sketch Width?

TECHNICAL DRAWING MENG 1001

Sketching a Multiview Drawing

TECHNICAL DRAWING MENG 1001

Construction Line Layout

TECHNICAL DRAWING MENG 1001

Sketching a Multiview Drawing

TECHNICAL DRAWING MENG 1001

Object Line Layout

TECHNICAL DRAWING MENG 1001

Center lines have lowest precedence or cutting plane line

Break lines Dimension line Section line

TECHNICAL DRAWING MENG 1001

TECHNICAL DRAWING MENG 1001

Dashed Line Intersections