14 Interpolation Decimation

Professor A G Constantinides 1
Interpolation & Decimation

Sampling period T , at the output

Interpolation by m:
Let the OUTPUT be [i.e. Samples
exist at all instants nT]
then INPUT is [i.e. Samples exist
at instants mT]
INPUT OUTPUT
T j
e z
e
=
) (z Y
) (
m
z X
Let Digital Filter transfer function be
then
Hence is of the form i.e. its
impulse response exists at the instants mT.
Write
(.) H
(.) ). ( ) ( H z X z Y
m
=
(.) H ) (z H
) 1 ( 2 1
). 1 ( ... ). 2 ( ) 1 ( . ) 0 ( ) (

+ + + + =
m
z m h z h h z h z H
) 1 2 ( ) 1 (
). 1 2 ( ... ). 1 ( ). (
+
+ + + + +
m m m
z m h z m h z m h
) 1 3 ( ) 1 2 ( 2
) 1 3 ( ... ). 1 2 ( ). 2 (
+
+ + + + +
m m m
z m h z m h z m h
Or
Where

So that
... ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
3
2
2
1
1
+ + + =
m m m
z H z z H z z H z H
... ). 2 ( ). ( ) 0 ( ) (
2
1
+ + + =
m m m
z m h z m h h z H
... ). 1 2 ( ). 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (
2
2
+ + + + + =
m m m
z m h z m h h z H
... ). 2 2 ( ). 2 ( ) 2 ( ) (
2
3
+ + + + + =
m m m
z m h z m h h z H
+ + =

) ( ). ( ) ( ). ( ) (
2
1
1
m m m m
z X z H z z X z H z Y
... ) ( ). (
3
2
+ +
m m
z X z H z
Hence the structure may be realised as

+
) (
1
m
z H
) (
2
m
z H
) (
3
m
z H
OUTPUT
INPUT
Samples across here are
phased
by T secs. i.e. they do not
interact in the adder.
Can be replaced by a
commutator switch.


Hence
INPUT
Commutator
OUTPUT
) (
1
m
z H
) (
2
m
z H
) (
3
m
z H
Decimation by m:
Let Input be (i.e. Samples exist at
all instants nT)
Let Output be (i.e. Samples exist at
instants mT)
With digital filter transfer function
we have
) (z X
) (
m
z Y
) (z H
) ( ). ( ) ( z H z X z Y
m
:
Set

And

Where in both expressions the subsequences
are constructed as earlier. Then
... ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
3
2
2
1
1
+ + + =
m m m
z H z z H z z H z H
) ( . ...
) 1 ( m
m
m
z H z

+ +
... ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
3
2
2
1
1
+ + + =
m m m
z X z z X z z X z X
) ( ...
) 1 ( m
m
m
z X z

+ +
| | + + + :

) ( ... ) ( ) ( ) (
) 1 (
2
1
1
m
m
m m m m
z H z z H z z H z Y
| | ) ( ... ) ( ) (
) 1 (
2
1
1
m
m
m m m
z X z z X z z X

+ + +
Any products that have powers of less
than m do not contribute to , as this
is required to be a function of .
Therefore we retain the products

1
z
) (
m
z Y
m
z
) ( ) (
1 1
m m
z X z H
) ( ) (
2
m m
m
m
z X z H z
+
)... ( ) (
3 1
m m
m
m
z X z H z

+
) ( ) ( ...
2
m
m
m m
z X z H z
+
The structure realising this is
+
INPUT
OUTPUT
Commutator
) (
1
m
z H
) (
m
m
z H
) (
1
m
m
z H

) (
2
m
z H
For FIR filters why Downsample and then
Upsample?
#MULT/ACC

= N f
s
.
LENGTH N

LOW PASS

f
s
f
s
LENGTH N

LOW PASS

LENGTH N

LOW PASS

DOWNSAMPLE M:1

UPSAMPLE 1:M

f
s
f
s
M
f
s
#MULT/ACC

=
N f
M
s
.
#MULT/ACC

=
N f
M
s
.
TOTAL #MULT/ACC

=
2. . N f
M
s

A very useful FIR transfer function special
case is for : N odd, symmetric
with additional constraints on to be
zero at the points shown in the figure.

{ } ) (n h
{ } ) (n h
For the impulse response shown

The amplitude response is then given

In general

9 7 5 3 1
). 5 ( ). 4 ( ). 3 ( ). 2 ( ). 1 ( ) 0 ( ) (

+ + + + + = z h z h z h z h z h h z H
9 7 5 3
). 5 ( ). 4 ( ). 3 ( ). 2 ( ). 1 ( z h z h z h z h z h + + + + +
) 3 cos( 2 ). 2 ( ) cos( 2 ). 1 ( ) 0 ( ) ( T h T h h A e e e + + =
) 5 cos( 2 ). 3 ( T h e +
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ =
odd
) cos( .
2
1
2 ) 0 ( ) (
r
T r
r
h h A e e
Now consider
Then

2 1
, e e
T
t
e e = +
2 1
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ =
odd
1
) cos( .
2
1
2 ) 0 ( ) (
r
T r
r
h h A e e
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|

|
.
|
\
|
+
+ =
odd
1 2
cos .
2
1
2 ) 0 ( ) (
r
T
T
r
r
h h A e
t
e
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
odd
1
) cos( .
2
1
) 0 (
r
T r
r
h h e
Hence
Also

Or
For a normalised response

) 0 ( 2 ) ( ) (
2 1
h A A = + e e
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ =
|
.
|
\
|
odd
.
2
. cos .
2
1
2 ) 0 (
2
r
T
T
r
r
h h
T
A
t t
) 0 ( h =
|
.
|
\
|
= +
T
A A A
2
2 ) ( ) (
2 1
t
e e
o + =1 ) 0 ( A
o
t
=
|
.
|
\
|
T
A
Thus
The shifted response

is useful

1 1 ) 0 ( 2 = + = o o h
2
1
) 0 ( = h
2
1
) ( ) (
~
= e e A A
Design of Decimator and
Interpolator
Example Develop the specs suitable for the
design of a decimator to reduce the
sampling rate of a signal from 12 kHz to
400 Hz
The desired down-sampling factor is
therefore M = 30 as shown below
Multistage Design of
Decimator and Interpolator
Specifications for the decimation filter H(z)
are assumed to be as follows:
, ,
,
Hz 180 =
p
F Hz 200 =
s
F
002 0. =
p
o 001 0. =
s
o
Polyphase Decomposition
The Decomposition
Consider an arbitrary sequence {x[n]} with
a z-transform X(z) given by

We can rewrite X(z) as

where
=

=
n
n
z n x z X ] [ ) (

=

=
1
0
M
k
M
k
k
z X z z X ) ( ) (

=

=

+ = =
n
n
n
n
k k
z k Mn x z n x z X ] [ ] [ ) (
1 0 s s M k
The subsequences are called the
polyphase components of the parent
sequence {x[n]}
The functions , given by the
z-transforms of , are called the
polyphase components of X(z)
]} [ { n x
k
]} [ { n x
k
) (z X
k
The relation between the subsequences
and the original sequence {x[n]} are given
by

In matrix form we can write
]} [ { n x
k
1 0 s s + = M k k Mn x n x
k
], [ ] [
| |
(
(
(
(

) (
) (
) (
. . . .
) (
) (
M
M
M
M
M
z X
z X
z X
z z z X
1
1
0
1 1
1
.
.
.
.
A multirate structural interpretation of the
polyphase decomposition is given below
The polyphase decomposition of an FIR
transfer function can be carried out by
inspection
For example, consider a length-9 FIR
transfer function:
=

=
8
0 n
n
z n h z H ] [ ) (
Its 4-branch polyphase decomposition is
given by

where
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
4
3
3 4
2
2 4
1
1 4
0
z E z z E z z E z z E z H

+ + + =
2 1
0
8 4 0

+ + = z h z h h z E ] [ ] [ ] [ ) (
1
1
5 1

+ = z h h z E ] [ ] [ ) (
1
2
6 2

+ = z h h z E ] [ ] [ ) (
1
3
7 3

+ = z h h z E ] [ ] [ ) (
The polyphase decomposition of an IIR
transfer function H(z) = P(z)/D(z) is not that
straight forward
One way to arrive at an M-branch polyphase
decomposition of H(z) is to express it in the
form by multiplying P(z) and
D(z) with an appropriately chosen
polynomial and then apply an M-branch
polyphase decomposition to
) ( ' / ) ( '
M
z D z P
) ( ' z P
Example - Consider

To obtain a 2-band polyphase decomposition we
rewrite H(z) as

Therefore,

where
1
1
3 1
2 1
=
z
z
z H ) (
2
1
2
2
2
2 1
1 1
1
1
9 1
5
9 1
6 1
9 1
6 5 1
) 3 1 )( 3 1 (
) 3 1 )(
2 1
(
) (

+
+

+ = = =
z
z
z
z
z
z z
z z
z
z
z H
) ( ) ( ) (
2
1
1 2
0
z E z z E z H

+ =
1 1
1
9 1
5
1
9 1
6 1
0

+
= =
z z
z
z E z E ) ( , ) (
The above approach increases the overall
order and complexity of H(z)
However, when used in certain multirate
structures, the approach may result in a
more computationally efficient structure
An alternative more attractive approach is
discussed in the following example
Example - Consider the transfer function of
a 5-th order Butterworth lowpass filter with
a 3-dB cutoff frequency at 0.5t:

It is easy to show that H(z) can be expressed
as
4
0557281 . 0
2
633436854 . 0 1
5
)
1
1 ( 0527864 . 0
) (

+
+
=
z z
z
z H
(
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
=

+
+
+
+
2
2
2
2
52786 0 1
52786 0
1
105573 0 1
105573 0
2
1
z
z
z
z
z z H
.
.
.
.
) (
Therefore H(z) can be expressed as

where

|
.
|
\
|
=

+
+
1
1
52786 0 1
52786 0
2
1
1
z
z
z E
.
.
) (
|
.
|
\
|
=

+
+
1
1
105573 0 1
105573 0
2
1
0
z
z
z E
.
.
) (
) ( ) ( ) (
2
1
1 2
0
z E z z E z H

+ =
In the above polyphase decomposition,
branch transfer functions are stable
allpass functions (proposed by
Constantinides)
Moreover, the decomposition has not
increased the order of the overall transfer
function H(z)
) (z E
i
FIR Filter Structures Based on
We shall demonstrate later that a parallel
realization of an FIR transfer function H(z)
based on the polyphase decomposition can
often result in computationally efficient
multirate structures
Consider the M-branch Type I polyphase
decomposition of H(z):
) ( ) (
1
0
M
k
M
k
k
z E z z H

=

=
A direct realization of H(z) based on the
Type I polyphase decomposition is shown
below
The transpose of the Type I polyphase FIR
filter structure is indicated below

14 Interpolation Decimation

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Professor A G Constantinides 1

Interpolation & Decimation

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