FICCI CE

Non conformities
FICCI CE

Calculating non conformities

The number of observations falling within the distribution

frequency curve can be co-related with the area under the
curve.
Finding area ( percentage of non conformities ) under a
normal curve requires the use of standard normal distribution
table. It is conventional to use the letter z to denote the
standard normal variate. The table for areas under normal
curve are given at the end of this section.
FICCI CE

Sigma ratings in terms of Z

The z value corresponding to USL or LSL* tells us how many

sigma the USL or LSL is from the process setting. Thus the z
value corresponding to the specification limit gives the sigma
rating of the process.

Note 1: As we know that most of the variable data that we come across in the
industry follows normal distribution with certain mean and standard deviation. We
define a variate ‘Z’( standardized normal variate ) which has a mean value 0 and
standard deviation 1. This is done in order to make use of Standard Normal Tables.

* LSL is the lower specification limit & USL is the upper specification limit
FICCI CE

Calculating non conformities

LSL USL

Non Non
conformities conformities
FICCI CE

Formula for calculating % non conformities

With respect to LSL,

ZL = ( LSL - X )/SD

With respect to USL

ZU = ( USL-X )/SD

Where X= Process mean

SD = Process Standard deviation
USL = Upper specification limit
LSL = Lower specification limit respectively.
FICCI CE

Illustration for calculating

% non conformities
FICCI CE

Normal curve for the population

Spec: 1.6+/- 0.1 mm Mean=1.58

SD=0.042

50
LSL USL
Frequency %

40
Proportion Proportion
of defects of defects
30

20

10

0
1.465 1.505 1.545 1.585 1.625 1.665 1.705
Thickness
FICCI CE

Calculating non conformities

With respect to LSL,

ZL = ( LSL - X )/SD = ( 1.50-1.58 )/0.042 = -1.90

With respect to USL,

ZU = ( USL-X )/SD = ( 1.70-1.58 )/0.042 = 2.86

The Percentage of values falling beyond specification limits, corresponding

to the z value can be read from the standard normal table as 0.0287 and
0.0021 for ZU and ZL respectively. Total percentage of non conformities
=2.87+0.21=3.08. (While referring to Normal distribution table, only
absolute value of z should be taken.)
FICCI CE

Areas under normal curve - Normal distribution table

Area

z Area z Area z Area z Area

0.00 0.500000 0.20 0.420740 0.40 0.344578 0.60 0.274253
0.01 0.496011 0.21 0.416834 0.41 0.340903 0.61 0.270931
0.02 0.492022 0.22 0.412936 0.42 0.337243 0.62 0.267629
0.03 0.488033 0.23 0.409046 0.43 0.333598 0.63 0.264347
0.04 0.484047 0.24 0.405165 0.44 0.329969 0.64 0.261086
0.05 0.480061 0.25 0.401294 0.45 0.326355 0.65 0.257846
0.06 0.476078 0.26 0.397432 0.46 0.322758 0.66 0.254627
0.07 0.472097 0.27 0.393580 0.47 0.319178 0.67 0.251429
0.08 0.468119 0.28 0.389739 0.48 0.315614 0.68 0.248252
0.09 0.464144 0.29 0.385908 0.49 0.312067 0.69 0.245097
0.10 0.460172 0.30 0.382089 0.50 0.308538 0.70 0.241964
0.11 0.456205 0.31 0.378281 0.51 0.305026 0.71 0.238852
0.12 0.452242 0.32 0.374484 0.52 0.301532 0.72 0.235762
0.13 0.448283 0.33 0.370700 0.53 0.298056 0.73 0.232695
0.14 0.444330 0.34 0.366928 0.54 0.294599 0.74 0.229650
0.15 0.440382 0.35 0.363169 0.55 0.291160 0.75 0.226627
0.16 0.436441 0.36 0.359424 0.56 0.287740 0.76 0.223627
0.17 0.432505 0.37 0.355691 0.57 0.284339 0.77 0.220650
0.18 0.428576 0.38 0.351973 0.58 0.280957 0.78 0.217695
0.19 0.424655 0.39 0.348268 0.59 0.277595 0.79 0.214764
FICCI CE

Areas under normal curve - Normal distribution table

Area

z Area z Area z Area z Area

0.80 0.211855 1.00 0.158655 1.20 0.115070 1.40 0.080757
0.81 0.208970 1.01 0.156248 1.21 0.113140 1.41 0.079270
0.82 0.206108 1.02 0.153864 1.22 0.111233 1.42 0.077804
0.83 0.203269 1.03 0.151451 1.23 0.109349 1.43 0.076459
0.84 0.200454 1.04 0.149170 1.24 0.107488 1.44 0.074934
0.85 0.197662 1.05 0.146859 1.25 0.105650 1.45 0.073529
0.86 0.194894 1.06 0.144572 1.26 0.103835 1.46 0.072145
0.87 0.192150 1.07 0.142310 1.27 0.102042 1.47 0.070781
0.88 0.189430 1.08 0.140071 1.28 0.100273 1.48 0.069437
0.89 0.186733 1.09 0.137875 1.29 0.098525 1.49 0.068112
0.90 0.184060 1.10 0.135666 1.30 0.096801 1.50 0.0668072
0.91 0.181411 1.11 0.133500 1.31 0.095098 1.51 0.0655217
0.92 0.178786 1.12 0.131357 1.32 0.093418 1.52 0.0642555
0.93 0.176185 1.13 0.129238 1.33 0.091759 1.53 0.0630084
0.94 0.173609 1.14 0.127143 1.34 0.090123 1.54 0.0617802
0.95 0.171056 1.15 0.125072 1.35 0.088508 1.55 0.0605708
0.96 0.168528 1.16 0.123024 1.36 0.086915 1.56 0.0593799
0.97 0.166023 1.17 0.121001 1.37 0.085343 1.57 0.0582076
0.98 0.163543 1.18 0.119000 1.38 0.083793 1.58 0.0570534
0.99 0.161087 1.19 0.117023 1.39 0.082264 1.59 0.0559174
FICCI CE

Areas under normal curve - Normal distribution table

Area

z Area z Area z Area z Area

1.60 0.0547993 1.80 0.0359303 2.00 0.0227501 2.20 0.0139034
1.61 0.0536989 1.81 0.0351478 2.01 0.0222155 2.21 0.0135525
1.62 0.0526161 1.82 0.0343794 2.02 0.0216916 2.22 0.0132093
1.63 0.0515507 1.83 0.0336249 2.03 0.0211782 2.23 0.0128736
1.64 0.0505026 1.84 0.0328841 2.04 0.0206751 2.24 0.0125454
1.65 0.0494714 1.85 0.0321567 2.05 0.0201821 2.25 0.0122244
1.66 0.0484572 1.86 0.0314427 2.06 0.0196992 2.26 0.0119106
1.67 0.0474597 1.87 0.0307419 2.07 0.0192261 2.27 0.0116038
1.68 0.0464786 1.88 0.0300540 2.08 0.0187627 2.28 0.0113038
1.69 0.0455139 1.89 0.0293789 2.09 0.0183088 2.29 0.0110106
1.70 0.0445654 1.90 0.0287165 2.10 0.0178643 2.30 0.0107241
1.71 0.0436329 1.91 0.0280665 2.11 0.0174291 2.31 0.0104440
1.72 0.0427162 1.92 0.0274289 2.12 0.0170029 2.32 0.0101704
1.73 0.0418151 1.93 0.0268034 2.13 0.0165858 2.33 0.0099031
1.74 0.0409295 1.94 0.0261898 2.14 0.0161773 2.34 0.0096418
1.75 0.0400591 1.95 0.0255880 2.15 0.0157775 2.35 0.0093867
1.76 0.0392039 1.96 0.0249978 2.16 0.0153863 2.36 0.0091375
1.77 0.0383635 1.97 0.0244191 2.17 0.0150034 2.37 0.0088940
1.78 0.0375379 1.98 0.0238517 2.18 0.0146286 2.38 0.0086563
1.79 0.0367269 1.99 0.0232954 2.19 0.0142621 2.39 0.0084242
FICCI CE

Areas under normal curve - Normal distribution table

Area

z Area z Area z Area z Area

2.40 0.00819755 2.60 0.00466120 2.80 0.00255519 3.00 0.00134999
2.41 0.00797623 2.61 0.00452715 2.81 0.00247711 3.10 0.00096660
2.42 0.00776023 2.62 0.00439650 2.82 0.00240123 3.20 0.00068714
2.43 0.00754941 2.63 0.00426930 2.83 0.00232744 3.30 0.00048342
2.44 0.00734365 2.64 0.00414532 2.84 0.00225574 3.40 0.00033693
2.45 0.00714284 2.65 0.00402462 2.85 0.00218600 3.50 0.00023263
2.46 0.00694686 2.66 0.00390708 2.86 0.00211829 3.60 0.00015911
2.47 0.00675565 2.67 0.00379258 2.87 0.00205243 3.70 0.00010780
2.48 0.00656915 2.68 0.00368118 2.88 0.00198847 3.80 0.00007235
2.49 0.00638717 2.69 0.00357264 2.89 0.00192630 3.90 0.00004810
2.50 0.00620967 2.70 0.00346702 2.90 0.00186586 4.00 0.00003167
2.51 0.00603658 2.71 0.00336421 2.91 0.00180721 4.10 0.00002066
2.52 0.00586778 2.72 0.00326413 2.92 0.00175023 4.20 0.00001355
2.53 0.00570315 2.73 0.00316679 2.93 0.00169486 4.30 0.00000854
2.54 0.00554264 2.74 0.00307202 2.94 0.00164115 4.40 0.00000541
2.55 0.00538617 2.75 0.00297282 2.95 0.00158894 4.50 0.00000340
2.56 0.00523365 2.76 0.00289011 2.96 0.00153828 4.60 0.00000211
2.57 0.00508493 2.77 0.00280285 2.97 0.00148904 4.70 0.00000130
2.58 0.00494003 2.78 0.00271803 2.98 0.00144130 4.80 0.00000079
2.59 0.00479883 2.79 0.00263548 2.99 0.00139493 4.90 0.00000048
5.00 0.00000029
FICCI CE

Areas under normal curve - Normal distribution table

Area

z Area
5.10 0.00000180
5.20 0.00000107
5.30 0.00000063
5.40 0.00000037
5.50 0.00000021
5.60 0.00000012
5.70 0.000000070
5.80 0.000000040
5.90 0.000000022
6.00 0.000000012

Note: Only absolute values of z should be taken while referring to this table.