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STATEMENTS
&
CASH MANAGEMENT
1
ANALYSIS OF FINANACIAL
STATEMENTS
2
FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS
3
Objectives of
Financial Statement
Analysis
4
Profitability Analysis: Users of financial statements
may analyze financial statements to decide past and
present profitability of the business
5
TYPES OF
FINANCIAL
ANALYSIS
6
Intra Firm Analysis: Analysis of performance of the organization
over a number of years. It is also referred to as Time Series
Analysis or Trend Analysis
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1. COMPARATIVE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
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Common Size Balance Sheet
Particulars Amt Percentage
Sources of Funds
Owned Funds
Application of Funds
Fixed Capital 75,000 60%
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Disadvantages
Do not show variation in various item from
time to time
If it is not prepared on a consistent basis
comparative study will be misleading.
It does not establish any relationship
between items in profit and loss account
with that of items of balance sheet
16
3. Trend Analysis – overview
What is trend analysis?
Advantages of trend analysis
Disadvantages of trend analysis
Example of trend analysis
Comments derived from trend analysis.
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What is Trend Analysis
Also termed as trend percentage.
Base year
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Trend analysis
Each base year item taken as 100.
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particulars 02 Rs. 02 % 03 Rs. 03 % 02 Rs. 04 %
sources of funds
1)Net worth 4 100 7.2 180 10.2 255
2)Borrowed funds
Debentures 4 100 3 75 2 50
Total loan funds. 4 100 3 75 2 50
Application of funds.
Fixed assets 1.6 100 2.4 150 3.2 200
Less:Depreciation prov. 0.6 100 0.9 150 1.5 250
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particulars 02 Rs. 02 % 03 Rs. 03 % 02 Rs. 04 %
Working capital
2) Current assets
Quick assets
Debtors 4.5 100 5.4 120 7.2 160
Bank 1 100 0.8 80 1.1 110
Total Q.A 5.5 100 6.2 113 8.3 151
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Comments/derivations
Company reliance on borrowed funds has
declined whereas the dependence on owned
funds has increased which can be revealed by
80%.
The company has gone for an expansion
program which is reflected by addition to the
Fixed assets which has increased by 50% in the
year 2003 and 70% in 2004 compared to the
base year calculated on net Fixed Assets.
22
Comments/derivations
Due to increase in Fixed Assets there is
also an additional requirement of working
capital in order to mobilize the Fixed
Assets which is reflected by 24% in the
year 2003 and 50% increase in the year
2004 compared to the base year.
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Advantages
Indicates the direction of movement of
financial performance of the company.
Indicated the increase or decrease in an
accounted item.
Shows the magnitude change , hence
more effective than regular data.
An efficient method to showcase the
financial performance of a company over a
period of time.
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Disadvantages
Any 1 trend by itself does not show the
true picture.
Trend percentages without absolute data
reference tend to be absurd.
Comparison of trend meaningless if
accounting practices change during the
years.
The base year selected may not be
normal or typical.
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Cash Management
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Motives for Holding Cash:
Transaction motive- Holding of cash to finance
routine transactions occurring during ordinary
course of business
Precautionary motive- Holding of cash for
unpredictable circumstances E.g: Floods,
increase in cost of raw materials etc.
Speculative motive- Take advantage of
unexpected opportunities E.g: making purchase
at favorable prices
Compensating motive- Banks use the minimum
balance in accounts to compensate themselves
for the services rendered to the business firm
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Cash Management Models:
• Baumol’s Model: EOQ management of cash
C= sqrt (2FT)
I
where, C= Optimal transaction size
F= Fixed Cost per transaction
T= Estimated cash payments
during the period
I= Interest on marketable securities per
annum
Limitation- Too much uncertainty when trying to
predict what the return will be.
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2. Miller- Orr Model:
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UCL= 3RP- 2LCL
RP= 3 sqrt(3bδ2)
4I
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Objectives of Cash Management:
Meet cash disbursement needs
Minimize funds held in the form of cash balance
To prevent bankruptcy
Good relation with bank, trade creditors and
suppliers
To lead strong credit rating
To meet unexpected cash expenditure
To maintain balance level
31
Cash Budget:
It is a statement showing the estimated cash
inflows over a period of time.
It shows the net cash position (surplus or
deficiency) of a firm as it moves from one
budgeting period to another.
It is a device to help a firm plan and control the
use of cash.
32
Various purposes of Cash
Budget:
To co-ordinate the timings of cash needs
It pinpoints the period when there is likely to be
excess cash
Enables a firm to take advantage of cash
discounts on its accounts payable, pay
obligations when due, formulate a dividend
policy etc
Helps arrange needed funds on the most
favorable terms
Prevents accumulation of funds
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Proforma of a Cash Budget:
Particulars Month 1 Month 2 Month 3
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Contd…
Payments:
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CASH CYCLES
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Meaning
The cash conversion cycle is the number of days
between paying for raw materials and receiving the cash
from the sale of the goods made from that raw material.
CASH CYCLE
CASH CYCLE = Y + Z - X
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Significance
A short cash conversion cycle is a sign of good working
capital management.
Conversely, a long cash conversion cycle indicates that
capital is tied up while the business waits for customers
to pay.
It is quite possible for a business to have a negative cash
conversion cycle.
E.g.- Dell Computers in 2005
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Disbursement cycle
Itis the total time between when an obligation
occurs and when the payment clears the bank.
Activity Day
Obligation to supplier 0
Invoice from supplier 10
Send cheques 25
FLOAT
Payment clears the bank 35
40
Methods of delaying payments
Increasing Mail floats by mailing cheques
from locations not close to parties.
Increasing
Clearance float by disbursing
cheques from a remote bank.
Activity Day
Begin services to customer 0
Issue Invoice to customer 30
Receive payment FLOAT 62
Payment clears the bank 66
43
Marketable Securities
Short term investment instruments.
Characteristics
A ready market and safety of principal
Little or no loss in the value over time
44
Selection Criteria
Financial Risk –
Uncertainty of the expected returns from a marketable
security.
Taxability –
Market yields are affected because of different tax
structures with different market securities.
eg – municipal bonds are tax free
45
Selection Criteria
Liquidity
Yield
46
Types of Marketable Securities
Term deposit with scheduled bank
Banks accept deposit for periods ranging from
15 days to 5 years.
interest rate varies from 5% - 8.5%
Treasury Bills
47
Types of Marketable Securities
Certificate of deposits
Negotiable receipt of funds deposited with the
bank with a fixed rate of interest. They can be
transferred from one party to another.
Commercial Papers
48
Types of Marketable Securities
Mutual Fund Scheme –
A financial intermediary ... investment objective.
It accepts small amounts from small investors
and further invests in huge securities.
Inter-corporate deposits
Short term deposit with other companies.
It has high degree of risk and also it takes one
month to convert them into cash.
49
Types of Marketable Securities
Billsdiscounting
Seller discounts the bill with the bank and the
bank releases the funds to the seller.
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Types of Marketable Securities
Gilt-
edged Securities
Most government securities bong are gilt edged
securities because of less risk involved. Their
returns are lower than other forms of investment.
Municipal Bonds
Bonds raised by municipal bodies of local
government for financing core urban
infrasturucture facilities like drinking water.
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THANK YOU
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