Nervous system.

NS classified in to 1.CNS. 2.PNS. CNS classified in to 1. brain. 2. spinal cord .

Peripheral NS classified in to..

1. autonomic NS. 2.Somatic NS

Somatic NS.
Somatic NS consists of peripheral nerve fibers that send sensory information to the CNS & motor nerve fibers that project to skeletal muscle. In the peripheral NS neurons functionally divided in to : 1. Sensory ( afferent ) carry information in to the CNS from sense organs. 2. Motor ( efferent ) carry information away from the CNS for muscle control.

Autonomic NS.
ANS the part of the NS that is concerned with the involuntary regulation of Cardiac muscle. Smooth muscle. Glandular. Visceral function throughout the body. ANS classified in to. 1. Sympathetic NS. 2. Parasympathetic NS. Most organs receive fibers from both division. Activities of the two system produce opposite but complementary effect. A few tissue such as sweet gland & spleen are innervated by only SNS.

Location of the neurons.

The 1st neuron of both the SNS & PNS within the CNS but does not make direct contact with the effector organ. instead it relays the impulse to a second station known as ganglion. The ganglion contain the 2nd neuron. its axon contacts the effectors organ. Preganglionic fibers of both division are myelinated The post ganglionic fibers are unmyelinated.

SNS (thoracolumbar division )

The preganglionic fiber of the SNS originate in the intermediolateral gray column of the T1-T12 & the first 3 lumbar segment ( L1-L3 ). Post ganglionic neuronal cell bodies are located in ganglion of the paired lateral SNS chain. The adrenal gland is an exception to the rule i.e. preganglionic fiber pass directly in to the adrenal medulla without synapsing in a ganglion. Activation of the SNS produces a diffuse physiologic response ( mass reflex ) because the postganglionic neurons outnumber the preganglionic fibers in an average ratio 20: 1 to 30 : 1. i.e. one preganglionic fibers influences a large number of post ganglionic fibers.

PNS ( craniosacral )
The preganglionic cell bodies originate in the brain stem & sacral segment of the spinal cord. PNS preganglionic fibers are found in cranial N. oculomotor , facial , glosso pharyngeal & vagus. The vagus N account 75% - 80% of the parasympathetic activity. The paired vagus N supplies the heart , lung ,esophagus , stomach ,small I ,liver, proximal half of the colon , GB , pancreas , & upper portion of the ureter. The sacral fibers supply the remainder of the viscera that are not innervated by the vagus.i.e. the descending colon , rectum , uterus , bladder & the lower portion of the ureters. The post ganglionic cell bodies are situated near or within the innervated viscera. PNS preganglionic fibers synapse with only a few post gangloinic neurons 1 : 1 to 3 : 1. for example vagal bradycrdia can occur without a concomitant change in intestinal motility or salvation.

Anatomy of the neurons.

All neurons have 4 basic parts. 1. soma ( cell body ) is responsible for the life of the cell because it contains the nucleus. 2.the dendrites branch like parts of the neurons at the end of the soma. 3.the axon is a long ,thin tube, which can divide & branch many times at its terminus. NB . A bundle of axons is called a nerve. 4. terminal buttons small knobby structures that play important roll in interneuronal communication.

Synapse
The important gap between neurons through which messages are transmitted. Neurotransmitter is a chemical messenger that carries information from one neuron to other. e.g. acetylcholine, NE, gamma amino butyric acid, serotonin, e.t.c. synapse has 1. presynaptic membrane. 2.synaptic cleft. 3.postsynaptic membrane.

Contd
The first neuron secrets at its nerve ending synapse a chemical substance is called a neurotransmitter. The transmitter in turn acts on receptor proteins in the membrane of the next neuron to excite the neuron, inhibit it.

The neurotransmitter 1. of all preganglionic autonomic nerve fibers 2.of all postganglionic parasympathetic fibers. 3. for a few post ganglionic sympathetic fibers ( e.g. sweat gland) 4. at the motor neuromuscular junction is acetylcholine. NE is considered the principal neurotransmitter for sympathetic postganglionic fibers except the sweat glands.

End organ effect of cholinergic receptor stimulation.

receptor Muscarinic organ Heart Response Decreased HR, contractility, conduction velocity Constriction. Stimulate secretion. Contraction & relaxation of sphincters, stimulates secretion. Contraction & relaxation of sphincters. Skeletal muscle contraction. SNS stimulation.

Bronchioles. Salivary glands Intestine.

Bladder.

nicotinic

Neuromuscular junction Autonomic ganglia

end organ effects of adrenergic receptors

receptor beta1

organ Heart.

Response Increase HR, contractility,& conduction velocity. lipolysis Dilation Relaxation Relaxation Renin secretion Gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis. Insulin secretion Constriction Inhibits insulin release Relaxation but constriction of sphincter. Inhibits sympathetic out flow. Dilates renal, coronary,& splanchinic vessels

Fat cells
beta2 Blood vessels Bronchioles Uterus Kidneys Liver

pancreas
alpha1 Blood vessels Pancreas Intestine, bladder Presynaptic nerve endings Blood vessels Dopamine-1

Alpha2