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Fraser 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Management
succeeds or fails in proportion as it is accepted without reservation by the group as authority and leader. Elton Mayo Understanding the element of perception & culture. The importance of Social Controls on productivity and management. The alignment of individual and group goals leads to more commitment, satisfaction and productivity.
interrelated tasks A means of generating new ideas Facilitate implementation of decisionparticipation Socialization- internalized control
Individual Functions A means of developing a sense of identity & self esteem A means of defining reality Fulfilling Affiliation needs Reducing anxiety & powerlessness help & support
REMEMBER:
Formal
& Informal groups Dalton identified three types of cliqueshorizontal, vertical and random Informal groups can facilitate communication Informal groups can also be disruptive and restrictive- Hawthorne Studies
FORMING
STORMING NORMING
PERFORMING-
tasks
In certain situations the group rapidly goes through these stages (If people are committed, if individual and group needs are aligned or if the task is too important-common enemy) Sometimes it would take a longer time for these stages (the task of the manager to know the stage the group is at). Certain organizational cultures do not encourage storming, which leads to politiking. A misconception- groups only perform at the performing stage.
Conformity-
group Experiments of Solomon Asch; 1. Distortion of perception 2. Distortion of judgment 3. Distortion of action Power comes from unanimity & cohesion
how strongly they are attracted to groups. Why members stay members Size Frequency of interaction Agreement on goals Inter group competition Age of members Shared background
Large
size Disagreement on goals Intra group competition Discussion dominated by few members
Sherif and Sherif Intra group behavior 1. More cohesion 2. Concern with task needs 3. Autocratic leadership Inter group behavior 1. Diminished interaction 2. Stereotyping and selective perception 3. Distorted perception on forced interaction
Locating
The
1. 2. 3.
4.
5. 6. 7. 8.
Invulnerability Rationalization Inherent morality Stereotype Direct pressure Self censorship Unanimity Mind guards
Leon 1. 2.
Festinger Propinquity Social Comparison theory The Balance Theory The Exchange Theory Collective Goals