Background

Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727) an English scientist and mathematician famous for his discovery of the law of gravity also discovered the three laws of motion. He published them in his book Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (mathematic principles of natural philosophy) in 1687. Today these laws are known as Newtons Laws of Motion and describe the motion of all objects on the scale we experience in our everyday lives.

If I have ever made any valuable discoveries, it has been owing more to patient attention, than to any other talent. -Sir Isaac Newton

What does this mean?

Basically, an object will keep doing what it was doing unless acted on by an unbalanced force. If the object was sitting still, it will remain stationary. If it was moving at a constant velocity, it will keep moving.

It takes force to change the motion of an object.

It is push or pull, which either changes or tends to change the state of rest or of uniform motion of a body.

What is meant by unbalanced force?

If the forces on an object are equal and opposite, they are said to be balanced, and the object experiences no change in motion. If they are not equal and opposite, then the forces are unbalanced and the motion of the object changes.

Some Examples from Real Life

A soccer ball is sitting at rest. It takes an unbalanced force of a kick to change its motion.

Two teams are playing tug of war. They are both exerting equal force on the rope in opposite directions. This balanced force results in no change of motion.

APPLICATION OF FIRST LAW OF MOTION

When a running horse suddenly stops, the rider falls forward. When a horse suddenly starts moving the rider falls backward. We hated carpet with a stick to remove the dust. Athletes run some distance, before taking a long jumps . A man jumping form a moving train may fall down.

Measure of Force
A body of mass M moving with velocity v possesses momentum . P= M v F=d /dt (Mv)=Mdv/dt(M is constant) F=Ma (a=d v /dt) Force =mass acceleration

INERTIA
In a absence of external force, the inability of body change its state by itself is called inertia.

1st Law

Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist changes in its velocity: whether in motion or motionless.

These pumpkins will not move unless acted on by an unbalanced force.

1st Law

Once airborne, unless acted on by an unbalanced force (gravity and air fluid friction), it would never stop!

1st Law

Unless acted upon by an unbalanced force, this golf ball would sit on the tee forever.

Why then, do we observe every day objects in motion slowing down and becoming motionless seemingly without an outside force?
Its a force we sometimes cannot see friction.

Objects on earth, unlike the frictionless space the moon travels through, are under the influence of friction.

What is this unbalanced force that acts on an object in motion?

There are four main types of friction:

Sliding friction: ice skating Rolling friction: bowling Fluid friction (air or liquid): air or water resistance Static friction: initial friction when moving an object

Slide a book across a table and watch it slide to a rest position. The book comes to a rest because of the presence of a force that force being the force of friction which brings the book to a rest position.

In the absence of a force of friction, the book would continue in motion with the same speed and direction - forever! (Or at least to the end of the table top.)

Newtonss 1st Law and You

Dont let this be you. Wear seat belts. Because of inertia, objects (including you) resist changes in their motion. When the car going 80 km/hour is stopped by the brick wall, your body keeps moving at 80 m/hour.

In the absence of an external force, no body can change on its own, its state of rest or the state of uniform motion along a state line.

Galileo's Law of Inertia

More Examples from Real Life

A powerful locomotive begins to pull a long line of boxcars that were sitting at rest. Since the boxcars are so massive, they have a great deal of inertia and it takes a large force to change their motion. Once they are moving, it takes a large force to stop them.

On your way to school, a bug flies into your windshield. Since the bug is so small, it has very little inertia and exerts a very small force on your car (so small that you dont even feel it).

If objects in motion tend to stay in motion, why dont moving objects keep moving forever? Things dont keep moving forever because theres almost always an unbalanced force acting upon it.
A book sliding across a table slows down and stops because of the force of friction.

If you throw a ball upwards it will eventually slow down and fall because of the force of gravity.

In outer space, away from gravity and any sources of friction, a rocket ship launched with a certain speed and direction would keep going in that same direction and at that same speed forever.

MOMENTUM (Linear )
It is defined as the total quantity of motion contained in a body and is measured as the product of the mass of the body and its velocity. (momentum) P=M v M=mass of the body v=velocity

Newtons Second Law

Force equals mass times acceleration. F = ma

Acceleration: a measurement of how quickly an object is changing speed.

What does F = ma mean?

Force is directly proportional to mass and acceleration. Imagine a ball of a certain mass moving at a certain acceleration. This ball has a certain force. Now imagine we make the ball twice as big (double the mass) but keep the acceleration constant. F = ma says that this new ball has twice the force of the old ball. Now imagine the original ball moving at twice the original acceleration. F = ma says that the ball will again have twice the force of the ball at the original acceleration.

What does F = ma say?

F = ma basically means that the force of an object comes from its mass and its acceleration.
Something very massive (high mass) thats changing speed very slowly (low acceleration), like a glacier, can still have great force. Something very small (low mass) thats changing speed very quickly (high acceleration), like a bullet, can still have a great force. Something very small changing speed very slowly will have a very weak force.

Newtons 2nd Law proves that different masses accelerate to the earth at the same rate, but with different forces.

We know that objects

with different masses accelerate to the ground at the same rate. However, because of the 2nd Law we know that they dont hit the ground with the same force.
F = ma 98 N = 10 kg x 9.8 m/s/s

F = ma 9.8 N = 1 kg x 9.8 m/s/s

APPLICATION OF SECOND LAW OF MOTION.

When catching a ball a cricket player lowers
his hands to save himself from getting hurt. Cars, busses, trucks, bogies of the train, etc. are provided with a spring system to avoid server jerks. Bogies of the train are provided with buffer to avoid server jerks during shunting of trains. A person falling on frozen ice is likely to receive more injuries than one falling on kuchcha floor. China wares are wrapped in straw or paper before packing.

IMPULSE
The forces which act on bodies for short time are called impulsive force. For Ex:1.In hitting a ball with a bat. 2.In firing a gun ,etc Impulse of a force is a measure of total effect of the force .

Newtons Third Law

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

What does this mean?

For every force acting on an object, there is an equal force acting in the opposite direction. Right now, gravity is pulling you down in your seat, but Newtons Third Law says your seat is pushing up against you with equal force. This is why you are not moving. There is a balanced force acting on you gravity pulling down, your seat pushing up.

Think about it . . .
What happens if you are standing on a skateboard or a slippery floor and push against a wall? You slide in the opposite direction (away from the wall), because you pushed on the wall but the wall pushed back on you with equal and opposite force. Why does it hurt so much when you stub your toe? When your toe exerts a force on a rock, the rock exerts an equal force back on your toe. The harder you hit your toe against it, the more force the rock exerts back on your toe (and the more your toe hurts).

Newtons 3rd Law in Nature

Consider the propulsion
of a fish through the water. A fish uses its fins to push water backwards. In turn, the water reacts by pushing the fish forwards, propelling the fish through the water. The size of the force on the water equals the size of the force on the fish; the direction of the force on the water (backwards) is opposite the direction of the force on the fish (forwards).

3rd Law
Flying gracefully through the air, birds depend on Newtons third law of motion. As the birds push down on the air with their wings, the air pushes their wings up and gives them lift.

 Consider the flying motion of birds. A bird flies

by use of its wings. The wings of a bird push air downwards. In turn, the air reacts by pushing the bird upwards. The size of the force on the air equals the size of the force on the bird; the direction of the force on the air (downwards) is opposite the direction of the force on the bird (upwards). Action-reaction force pairs make it possible for birds to fly.

Other examples of Newtons Third Law

The baseball forces
the bat to the left (an action); the bat forces the ball to the right (the reaction).

3rd Law
Consider the motion
of a car on the way to school. A car is equipped with wheels which spin backwards. As the wheels spin backwards, they grip the road and push the road backwards.

3rd Law
The reaction of a rocket is an application of the third law of motion. Various fuels are burned in the engine, producing hot gases.

The hot gases push against the inside tube of the rocket and escape out the bottom of the tube. As the gases move downward, the rocket moves in the opposite direction.

APPLICATION OF THIRD LAW OF MOTION

While firing a bullet , the gun must be held tight to the shoulder. When a man jumps from a boat to the shore, the boat slightly moves away from the shore. When a bullet is fired from a gun, the gun recalls or gives a kick in backward direction. Rocket works on the principle of conservation of momentum. If some one left on a frictionless floor desire to get
out of it, he can do so by blowing air out of his mouth.