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Fire protection, by design features in the construction of the vessel and subsequent control of human behaviour
All fire fighting starts with the idea of what is needed for FIRE
All fire fighting breaks the triangle Reduce to less than 10% Oxygen
REMOVAL Or STOPPAGE
FIRE PROTECTION
Construction of ships materials
Electrical protection
Human behaviour
Good Supervision
Training
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FIRE DETECTION
Fire detection systems are compulsory in ships which have periodically unattended machinery spaces.
FIRE DETECTION
A fire detection system consists of the following elements: Human observation Manual fire alarms Automatic Fire detectors-smoke, flame, heat (gas, H2S) Combinations of the above For reference purposes Fire detection system requirements are detailed in SOLAS CHAPTER II-2
FIRE DETECTION
Human observation relies on the human senses: Sight Sound Smell
Taste
Touch
FIRE DETECTION
Most Human observations can be mimicked by the following detectors SightInfra red flame detectors, sensing flicker patterns, smoke detectors using light sources in go or no go light transmission and reception.
Smell and Tastecombustion products entering an ionized chamber. TouchHeat detectors, including absolute temperature and rate of rise temperatures.
FIRE DETECTION
Manual systems usually involve some form of manual fire patrol. The question about fire patrols is the only common question occurring in class 1 deck and class 1/2 motor. Call points, a recognised route, regular communications, timing and record keeping are essential.
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FIRE DETECTION
Automatic Fire detection
An automatic fire detection system has the following components 1. 2. Electrical feed, both normal and emergency (including battery backup) Main control unit (usually housed in the wheelhouse( with repeater units
3.
4.
FIRE DETECTION
Detector Units
Detector units detect outbreak of fire by sensing Heat Smoke Flame Detector heads are positioned throughout the vessel, in machinery, accommodation and in some cases, cargo spaces.
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FIRE DETECTION
Detector Units
On some systems each individual detector head has its own address, so that in the event of an alarm detection, the head position is indicated on the control panel and the seat of the fire is determined Overall Fire alarms are automatically sounded, usually by the activation of one alarm.
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FIRE DETECTION
A simplified view of the layout of a fire detection system, featuring normal/emergency power supply, UPS,Loop,Zone Indicators, Alarms, Test switch and Fire Zones.
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FIRE DETECTION
Contacts in any detector head are normally open, and in the event of a fire they close and complete the alarm circuit. Power supply is usually 24V and emergency UPS is provided by fully charged stand by batteries.
The emergency supply must be capable of powering the system for a mi9nimum of 18 hours on a cargo ship and 36 hours on a passenger ship.
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FIRE DETECTION
The choice of detector head to be fitted in the alarm circuit will depend on a number of factors:
1. Fire risk 2. Position 3. Area to be monitored 4. Volume of space 5. Height of compartment 6. Atmosphere in space
Different types of detector head are used on common bases.
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FIRE DETECTION
Smoke detectors must not operate below 2% obscuration per metre, but must activate before 12.5% obscuration. Heat detectors must not operate below 540C but must operate before 780C. However, in certain cases the heat detector limits may be increased by 300C
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FIRE DETECTION
SENSOR OPERATING PERAMETERS
Type AREA ( MAX) DISTANCE APART Distance From Bulkhead
HEAT
37m2
9m
4.5m
SMOKE
74m2
11m
5.5m
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FIRE DETECTION
Smoke and heat detectors must also be sited to avoid stratification: that is the detector must not be blanketed by layers of hot air.
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FIRE DETECTION
In this case, the increasing convection air currents have created a flow of combustion products across the detectors.
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FIRE DETECTION
As shown, detector heads must be positioned to allow easy passage of combustion products in all fire scenarios
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FIRE DETECTION
HEAT DETECTION
BI METALLIC STRIP
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FIRE DETECTION
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FIRE DETECTION
HEAT DETECTION
RATE OF RISE: TWO BI METALLIC STRIPS
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FIRE DETECTION
TWO BI METALLIC
STRIPS
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FIRE DETECTION
FIRE DETECTION
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FIRE DETECTION
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FIRE DETECTION
SMOKE DETECTION
IONISATION RADIOACTIVE SOURCE AMERICIUM
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FIRE DETECTION
NORMAL
In normal conditions, the Ions flow easily across the air gap and thus maintain an electric circuit.
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FIRE DETECTION
FIRE
In fire conditions, smoke particles slow down the flow of ions and the circuit is broken.
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FIRE DETECTION
FIRE DETECTION
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FIRE DETECTION
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FIRE DETECTION
FIRE DETECTION
INFRA RED DETECTOR Detects radiation in a particular narrow band flame flicker Can be confused by flickering lights, hence built in time delay.
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FIRE DETECTION
This multi wavelength flame detector is monitoring the flame generated when a hydrocarbon mixture burns.
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FIRE DETECTION
This slide shows how different components in a fuel mixture generate different radiation wavelengths-the different colours in 38 a flame.
FIRE DETECTION
The overall flame appearance consists of a number of wavelengths. Most marine flame detectors detect the wave length of carbon dioxide 39 produced in combustion ( just like human vision)
FIRE DETECTION
The filter only allows wavelengths in a certain bandwidth to pass through-this prevents false alarms from other sources. 40
FIRE DETECTION
However, certain other false alarms may be initiated by sunlight, engine room lighting or reflections from rotating equipment. In 41 addition, the detector may be blind from smoke.
FIRE DETECTION
This detector must not be used as a stand alone unit, but in conjunction with other types of detector. Its positioning must be chosen carefully, usually above a slow speed engine.
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FIRE DETECTION
This detector senses the ultra violet spectrum of a flame and is less sensitive to false alarms.
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FIRE DETECTION
CABLE LAYOUT LOOP and LINE
Monitoring
LOOP MONITORING The continuity of the cable is checked by both circuits a-d and b-c. In the event of either cable failing due to damage the an alarm sounds.
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FIRE DETECTION
CABLE LAYOUT
LOOP MONITORING
Failure modes-damage causes open or short circuit on cables. Short circuit, no discrimination between faults and FIRE activation. Open circuit, fault alarm on one wire
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FIRE DETECTION
CABLE LAYOUT
LOOP MONITORING In each case faults must be examined immediately Whilst the fault condition exists subsequent fire detection is inhibited Easier for accurate fault detection, discriminates between fault and fire but more expensive.
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FIRE DETECTION
Line monitoring:
Damage to loop
Short circuit shuts down the system and gives Fire alarm.
FIRE DETECTION
When the reference resistance becomes LESS than the end resistance ( due to heat effect on cables) the FIRE alarm sounds. When reference resistance is GREATER than the end 49 resistance a Fault alarm sounds.
FIRE DETECTION
Fire Zones
The system is subdivided into ZONES to allow easy identification of the seat of the Fire. Clear information must be displayed near the panel which shows the actual location of the Fire source or the location may be directly displayed on a MIMIC panel.
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FIRE DETECTION
Fire Zones
Regulations covering Fire detection are set out in SOLAS Chapter II-2, Regulation 13, Section 1. Point 1.15 concerns modifications made to detection systems post 10/94 and deals with single addressable heads. Section 2 deals with Installation requirements including details of areas to be monitored.
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Remove fuel
or CHAINBREAK-stop the chemical reaction
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Class B- DO NOT USE water UNLESS you use a FINE FOG or MIST.
Class C remove FUEL!!! Class D- Chain breakers or smothering ( removal of Oxygen)
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Freshwater
Sprinklers, curtains and Hi Fog Seawater (via fire-pumps)
Hydrants, hoses, coarse sprinklers (and drenchers!) and fire mains ( hoses, hydrants and nozzles)
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An emergency fire pump will also be located remote from the machinery space and with independent means of power.
A system of hydrant outlets, each with an isolating valve, located around the ship, and hoses with appropriate snap-in connectors are strategically located together with fire hose nozzles. 56
The jet/spray nozzle would be adjusted to provide a fine water spray which could be played over the fire to cool it without 57 spreading.
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FIREMAIN LAYOUT
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Materials used, types of hydrant connection and further equipment are subject to CLASS rules, SOLAS merely gives a broad definition of what should be fitted- class provides the technical expertise for the detailed construction.
Certain areas, such as the paint locker are protected by manually operated spray systems, supplied by the Fire main.
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The accommodation areas are fitted with sprinkler heads which both detect and extinguish fires. Sprinkler head is closed by a quartzoid bulb which contains a liquid that expands considerably on heating.
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Heat causes alcohol inside bulb to expand, shatter bulb and water flows.
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EXPANSION
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SPRINKLER HEADS
The different colours denote different operating temperatures, but the alcohol is the same, only the size of the air bubble changes.
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Removal of Oxygen
FOAM Simple foam installation, with seawater mixing with foam compound(usually protein).
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Still legal under IMO legislation but not UK legislation ( or other EU countries plus CANADA)
NOVEC 1230 is an approved drop in replacement.
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Flammable Range
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Flammable Range
The flammable range is relatively narrow, so that any new gas introduced into the space will either displace oxygen or remove hydrocarbon vapours. This particular example is for crude oil, but the principle applies to all hydrocarbon based fuels.
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