Commodity Thermoplastics_ LDPE, HDPE, PP, PVC, PS

Professor Joe Greene CSU, CHICO

Polyolefin Definition
Olefins: Unsaturated, aliphatic hydrocarbons made from ethylene gas Ethylene is produced by cracking higher hydrocarbons of natural gas or petroleum Olefin means oil forming Historically given to ethylene because oil was formed when ethylene was treated with Cl. Now applies to all hydrocarbons with linear C::C double bonds (not aromatic C::C double bonds) Polyethylene discovered around 1900, though using an expensive process LDPE commercialized in 1939 2 HDPE commercialized in 1957

Principal Olefin Monomers

Ethylene
H H
C C H H

Propylene
H H

C
CH3

C
H

Butene-1
H H

H
C

H
C

4-Methylpentene

C5H6 H CH3
3

C2H5 H

Several Olefin Polymers

Poly Ethylene
H H C C H H n

Poly Propylene
H
C CH3

H
C

PolyisoButene
H H

H
C

H
C

PolyMethylpentene

C n

C5H6 H CH3

C2H5 H

Polymers Derived from Ethylene Monomer

X Position
H Cl Methyl group Benzene ring CN OOCCH3 OH COOCH3 F Note: Methyl Group is:
Benzene ring is:

Material Name
Polyethylene Polyvinyl chloride Polypropylene Polystyrene Polyacrylonitrile Polyvinyl acetate Polyvinyl alcohol Polymethyl acrylate Polyvinyl fluoride
| HCH | H

Abbreviation
PE PVC PP PS PAN PvaC PVA PMA PVF

X Position
F Cl CH3 (Methyl group) COOCH3

Y Position
F Cl CH3 CH3

Material Name
Polyvinylidene fluoride Polyvinyl dichloride Polyisobutylene Polymethyl methacrylate

Abbreviation
PVDF PVDC PB PMMA

Addition Polymerization of PE
Polyethylene produced with low (Ziegler) or high pressure (ICI) Polyethylene produced with linear or branched chains
H H H H H H H H H H
C C C C C C C C C C

H H

H H

H H
OR

H H

H H
n

H H C C H H

H H C C H H

H H C C H

H H C C H H

H H C C H H
n 6

Mechanical Properties of Polyethylene

Type 1: (Branched) Low Density of 0.910 - 0.925 g/cc Type 2: Medium Density of 0.926 - 0.940 g/cc Type 3: High Density of 0.941 - 0.959 g/cc Type 4: (Linear) High Density to ultra high density > 0.959
Mechanical Properties Branched Low Density Density 0.91- 0.925 Crystallinity Molecular Weight Tensile Strength, psi Tensile Modulus, psi Tensile Elongation, % Impact Strength
ft-lb/in

Medium Density 0.926- 0.94 50% to 70% 30K to 50K 1,200 - 3,000 38K 75 K 100%- 965% 1.0 no break D50 D60

High Density 0.941-0.95 70% to 80% 50K to 250K 3,100 - 5,500

Linear High Density 0.959-0.965 80% to 91% 250K to 1.5M 5,000 6,000

30% to 50% 10K to 30K 600 - 2,300 25K 41K 100% - 650% No break

150K 158 150K 158 K K 10% - 1300% 10% - 1300% 0.4 4.0 D60 D70 0.4 4.0 D66 D73

Hardness, Shore D44 D50

Physical Properties of Polyethylene

Physical Properties of polyethylene Branched Low Medium Density Density Optical Transparent to Transparent to opaque opaque Tmelt 98 115 C 122 124 C Tg -100 C H20 Absorption Low < 0.01 Oxidation Resistance UV Resistance Solvent Resistance Alkaline Resistance Acid Resistance Low, oxides readily Low, Crazes readily Resistant below 60C Resistant Oxidizing Acids -100 C Low < 0.01 Low, oxides readily Low, Crazes readily Resistant below 60C Resistant Oxidizing Acids High Density Transparent to opaque 130 137 C -100 C Low < 0.01 Low, oxides readily Low, Crazes readily Resistant below 60C Resistant Oxidizing Acids Linear High Density Transparent to opaque 130 137 C -100 C Low < 0.01 Low, oxides readily Low, Crazes readily Resistant below 60C Resistant Oxidizing Acids

Processing Properties of Polyethylene

Processing Properties Branched Low Density Tmelt 98 115 C Recommended Temp I: 300F 450F Range E: 250F 450F (I:Injection, E:Extrusion) Molding Pressure 5 15 psi Mold (linear) shrinkage (in/in) 0.015 0.050

Medium Density 122 124 C I: 300F 450F E: 250F 450F 5 15 psi 0.015 0.050

High Density 130 137 C I: 350F 500F E: 350F 525F 12 15 psi 0.015 0.040

Linear High Density 130 137 C I: 350F 500F E: 350F 525F 12 15 psi 0.015 0.040

Special Low Versions of Polyethylene

Produced through catalyst selection and regulation of reactor conditions

Very Low Density Polyethylene (VLDPE)

Densities between 0.890 and 0.915 Applications include disposable gloves, shrink packages, vacuum cleaner hoses, tuning, bottles, shrink wrap, diaper film liners, and other health care products

Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE)

Densities between 0.916 and 0.930 Contains little if any branching Properties include good flex life, low warpage, and improved stress-crack resistance Applications include films for ice, trash, garment, and produce 10 bags

Special High Versions of Polyethylene

Produced through catalyst selection and regulation of reactor conditions

High Molecular Weight- High Density Polyethylene (HMW-HDPE)

Densities are 0.941 or greater MW from 200K to 500 K Properties include improved toughness, chemical resistance, impact strength, and high abrasion resistance. High viscosities Applications include trash liners, grocery bags, industrial pipe, gas tanks, and shipping containers
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Special High Versions of Polyethylene

Produced through catalyst selection and regulation of reactor conditions

Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE)

Densities are 0.96 or greater MW from 3M to 6M Properties include improved high wear resistance, chemical inertness, and low coefficient of friction. High viscosities result in material not flowing or melting. Processed similar to PTFE (Teflon) Ram extrusion and compression molding are used. Applications include pump parts, seals, surgical implants, 12 pen tips, and butcher-block cutting surfaces.

Copolymers of Polyethylene
Ethylene-ethyl acrylate (EEA)
Properties range from rubbery to tough ethylene-like properties Applications include hot melt adhesives, shrink wrap, produce bags, bag-in-box products, and wire coating.

Ethylene-methyl acrylate (EMA)

Produced by addition of methyl acrylate monomer (40% by weight)with ethylene gas Tough, thermally stable olefin with good elastomeric characteristics. Applications include food packaging, disposable medical gloves, heat-sealable layers, and coating for composite 13 packaging

Copolymers of Polyethylene
Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate (EVA)
Repeating groups is ethylene with an acetate functional Part of the pendent group are highly polar. Vinyl acetate reduces crystallinity and increases chemical reactivity because of high regions of polarity. Result:flexible polymer that bonds well to other materials Excellent adhesive (Elmers Glue) Other applications include flexible packaging, shrink wrap, auto bumper pads, flexible toys, and tubing H H H H

C H

C
H n

C H

C O m C=O C

14

Copolymers of Polyethylene
Ethylene-Propylene (EPM)
Ethylene and propylene are copolymerized in random manner and causes a delay in the crystallization. Thus, the copolymer is rubbery at room temp because the Tg is between HDPE (-110C) and PP (-20C). Ethylene and propylene can be copolymerized with small amounts of a monomer containing 2 C=C double bonds (dienes) Results in a ter polymer, EPDM, or thermoplastic rubber, TPO

H C

H C H n

H C CH3

H C H
15

Mechanical Properties of PE Blends

Mechanical Properties of PE Blends Ethylene-vinyl Ethylene-vinyl acetate alcohol Density 0.922 0.943 1.14 1.19 Tensile Strength, psi Tensile Modulus, psi Tensile Elongation, % Impact Strength
ft-lb/in

Ethyleneethyl acrylate 0.93

Ethylene-methyl acrylate 0.942 0.945

2,200 4,000 7K 29K 300% - 750% No break

8,520 11,600 300 K 385 K 180%- 280% 1.0 1.7

1,600 2,100 1,650 4K 7.5 K 12 K

700% - 750% 740% No break D27 D38

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Hardness, Shore D17 D45

Processing Properties of PE Blends

Processing Properties Ethylene-vinyl acetate Tmelt 103 108 C Recommended Temp C: 200-300F Range (C: Compression) I: 300F 430F (I:Injection, E:Extrusion) E: 300F 380F Molding Pressure 1 20 psi Mold (linear) shrinkage (in/in) 0.007 0.035 Ethylene-vinyl alcohol 142 181 C I: 365F 480F E: 365F 480F Ethylene-ethyl acrylate C: 200 300F I: 250F 500F 1 20 psi 0.015 0.035 Ethylene-methyl acrylate 83 C E: 300F 620F

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Polypropylene History
Prior to 1954 most attempts to produce plastics from polyolefins had little commercial success PP invented in 1955 by Italian Scientist F.J. Natta by addition reaction of propylene gas with a sterospecific catalyst titanium trichloride. Isotactic polypropylene was sterospecific (molecules are arranged in a definite order in space) Polypropylene is similar in manufacturing method and in properties to PE
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Chemical Structure
Propylene
H C
CH3

H C
H n

Isotactic- CH3 on one side of polymer chain (isolated). Commercial PP is 90% to 95% Isotactic
H H H H H H H H H H

C
19

CH3 H

CH3 H

CH3 H

CH3 H

CH3 H

Polypropylene Stereostatic Arrangements

Atactic- CH3 in a random order (A- without; Tactic- order) Rubbery and of limited commercial value.

CH3

CH3

CH3

C
H

C
H

C
H

C
H

C
H

C
H

CH3 H

CH3 H

Syndiotactic- CH3 in a alternating order (Syndio- ; Tactic- order)

CH3

CH3

C
H

C
H

C
H

C
H

C
20

CH3 H

CH3 H

CH3 H

Addition Polymerization of PP
Polypropylene produced with low pressure process (Ziegler) Polypropylene produced with linear chains Polypropylene is similar in manufacturing method and in properties to PE Differences between PP and PE are
Density: PP = 0.90; PE = 0.941 to 0.965 Melt Temperature: PP = 176 C; PE = 110 C Service Temperature: PP has higher service temperature Hardness: PP is harder, more rigid, and higher brittle point Stress Cracking: PP is more resistant to environmental stress cracking
21

Advantages of Polypropylene
Advantages
Low Cost Excellent flexural strength Good impact strength Processable by all thermoplastic equipment Low coefficient of friction Excellent electrical insulation Good fatigue resistance Excellent moisture resistance Service Temperature to 126 C Very good chemical resistance
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Disadvantages of Polypropylene
Disadvantages
High thermal expansion UV degradation Poor weathering resistance Subject to attack by chlorinated solvents and aromatics Difficulty to bond or paint Oxidizes readily flammable
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Molecular Weight Review

Molecular Weight estimates the average length of the polymer chain and is similar to the DP (degree of polymerization)
MW = (MW of mer) x DP
Example: MW= 100,000 for PS then the DP = 1000. (PS = 104 amu) Example: MW= 50,000 for PE then the DP = 1800. (PE = 28 amu)

Molecular Weight is measured by osmometry, light scattering and solution viscosity Molecular Weight is characterized by Weight Average, Mw, Mn and Number Average, Mn. Frequency Polydispersity, PD Mw Ratio of Mw / Mn
24

Weight

Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene

Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene HDPE Polypropylene LDPE (For Comparison) (For Comparison) 0.90 0.91- 0.925 0.959-0.965 Density Crystallinity 30% to 50% 30% to 50% 10K to 30K Range of MWD for processing 600 - 2,300 25K 41K 100% - 650% No break D44 D50 80% to 91% 250K to 1.5M Range of MWD for processing 5,000 6,000 150K 158 K 10% - 1300% 0.4 4.0 D66 D73
25

Molecular Weight 200K to 600K Molecular Weight Dispersity MWD (Mw/Mn) Tensile Strength, psi Tensile Modulus, psi Tensile Elongation, % Impact Strength
ft-lb/in

Range of MWD for processing 4,500 5,500 165K 225K 100% - 600% 0.4 1.2 R80 - 102

Hardness, Shore

Physical Properties of Polyethylene

Physical Properties of Polypropylene HDPE Polypropylene LDPE Transparent to Transparent to Transparent to opaque Optical opaque opaque 175 C 98 115 C 130 137 C Tmelt Tg H20 Absorption -20 C 0.01 0.03 -100 C Low < 0.01 -100 C Low < 0.01

Low, oxides Oxidation readily Resistance UV Resistance Low, Crazes readily Resistant Solvent below 80C Resistance Resistant Alkaline Resistance Oxidizing Acid Acids Resistance

Low, oxides readily Low, Crazes readily Resistant below 60C Resistant Oxidizing Acids

Low, oxides readily Low, Crazes readily Resistant below 60C Resistant Oxidizing Acids
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Processing Properties of Polyethylene

Processing Properties Polypropylene Tmelt 175 C Recommended Temp I: 400F 550F Range E: 400F 500F (I:Injection, E:Extrusion) Molding Pressure 10 -20 psi Mold (linear) shrinkage (in/in) 0.010 0.025

LDPE 98 115 C I: 300F 450F E: 250F 450F 5 15 psi 0.015 0.050

HDPE 130 137 C I: 350F 500F E: 350F 525F 12 15 psi 0.015 0.040

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Copolymers of Polypropylene
Ethylene-propylene copolymers Small amount of PP can lower crystallinity of linear HDPE Polyallomers (block copolymers) Blocks of PE and PP polymers allows crystallization to take place Properties are similar to HDPE and PP Ethylene-propylene rubbers Random co-polymerization of ethylene and propylene prevents crystallization of the chains by suppressing regularity of molecules Resulting polymers are amorphous having low Tg (between -110C and -20C depending on % of PE and PP) Polymers are rubbery at room temperature Conventional vulcanization allows for use as commercial rubber, thermoplastic rubbers, TPR
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Polyolefin_Polybutylene
History H H PB invented in 1974 by Witco Chemical C C Ethyl side groups in a linear backbone Description CH2 H Linear isotactic material Upon cooling the crystallinity is 30% CH3 Post-forming techniques can increase crystallinity to 55% Formed by conventional thermoplastic techniques Applications (primarily pipe and film areas) High performance films Tank liners and pipes Hot-melt adhesive Coextruded as moisture barrier and heat-sealable packages 29

Properties of Polybutylene
Mechanical Properties of Polybutylene Polybutylene Polypropylene LDPE HDPE (For Comparison) (For Comparison) 0.908 -.917 0.90 0.91- 0.925 0.959-0.965 Density Crystallinity Tensile Strength, psi Tensile Modulus, psi Tensile Elongation, % Impact Strength
ft-lb/in

30% to 50% 4,000 10K 40K 300% - 400% No break

30% to 50% 4,500 5,500 165K 225K 100% - 600% 0.4 1.2

30% to 50% 600 - 2,300 25K 41K 100% - 650% No break D44 D50

80% to 91% 5,000 6,000 150K 158 K 10% - 1300% 0.4 4.0 D66 D73

Hardness

Shore D55 D65 R80 - 102

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Polyolefin_Polymethylpentene (PMP)
Description H H Crystallizes to 40%-60% C C Highly transparent with 90% transmission Formed by injection molding and blow molding CH2 H Properties H3C-CH-CH3 Low density of 0.83 g/cc; High transparency Mechanical properties comparable to polyolefins with higher temperature properties and higher creep properties. Low permeability to gasses and better chemical resistance Attacked by oxidizing agents and light hydrogen carbon solvents Attacked by UV and is quite flammable Applications Lighting elements (Diffusers, lenses reflectors), liquid level 31 Food packaging containers, trays, and bags.

Properties of Polymethylpentene
Mechanical Properties of Polymethylpentene Polymethyl- Polypropylene LDPE HDPE pentene (For Comparison) (For Comparison) 0.83 0.90 0.91- 0.925 0.959-0.965 Density Crystallinity Tensile Strength, psi Tensile Modulus, psi Tensile Elongation, % Impact Strength
ft-lb/in

40% to60% 4,000 5,000 160K 200K 100% - 400% 0.4 1.0 R80 R100

30% to 50% 4,500 5,500 165K 225K 100% - 600% 0.4 1.2 R80 - 102

30% to 50% 600 - 2,300 25K 41K 100% - 650% No break D44 D50

80% to 91% 5,000 6,000 150K 158 K 10% - 1300% 0.4 4.0 D66 D73

Hardness

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PVC Background
Vinyl is a varied group- PVC, PVAc, PVOH, PVDC, PVB
Polyvinyls were invented in 1835 by French chemist V. Regnault when he discovered a white residue could be synthesized from ethylene dichloride in an alcohol solution. (Sunlight was catalyst) PVC was patented in 1933 by BF Goodrich Company in a process that combined a plasticizer, tritolyl phosphate, with PVC compounds making it easily moldable and processed. PVC is the leading plastic in Europe and second to PE in the US. PVC is made by suspension process (82%), by mass polymerization (10% ), or by emulsion (8%) All PVC is produced by addition polymerization from the vinyl chloride monomer in a head-to-tail alignment. PVC is amorphous with partially crystalline (syndiotactic) due to structural irregularity increasing with the reaction temperature. 33 PVC (rigid) decomposes at 212 F leading to dangerous HCl gas

PVC and Vinyl Products

Rigid-PVC
Pipe for water delivery Pipe for structural yard and garden structures

Plasticizer-PVC or Vinyl
Latex gloves Latex clothing Paints and Sealers Signs

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 Vinyl Groups (homopolymers produced by addition polymerization)

PVC - poly vinylidene - polyvinylalcohol (PVOH) chloride (PVDC) H Cl C C C C H Cl
n

PVC and PS Chemical Structure

H H

H H

C C
H OH n
n

H Cl

polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) H H C C H OCOCH3

n

- PolyStyrene (PS)
H C H
n

H C
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Mechanical Properties of Polyvinyls

Mechanical Properties Density, g/cc Tensile Strength, psi Tensile Modulus, psi Tensile Elongation, % Impact Strength
ft-lb/in

PVC (rigid) 1.30-1.58 6,000 - 7,500 350K 600K 40% - 80% 0.4 - 22 Shore D65-85 50 -100 140 F -170F

PVC (Flexible) 1.16-1.35 1,500 -3,500

PVB 1.05 500 - 3,000

PVDC 1.65-1.72 3,500 - 5,000 160K 240K

200%-450% Range Shore A50-100 70-250

150% - 450% Range

160% -240% 0.4 - 1 M60-65 190 130F -150F

Hardness CLTE 10-6 mm/mm/C HDT 264 psi

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Physical Properties of Polyvinyls

Optical Tmelt Tg H2 0 Absorption Oxidation Resistance UV Resistance Solvent Resistance PVC (rigid) Transparent 75 105 C 75 -105C 0.04-0.4% (24h) PVC (Flexible) Transparent 75 105 C 75-105C 0.15-0.75% (24h) PVB Transparent 49 49 0.09-0.16% (24h) PVDC Transparent 172C -15C 0.1% (24h)

good Poor Soluble in Acetone, and Cyclohexanol. Partially in Toluene Excellent good

good Poor Soluble in Acetone, and Cyclohexanol. Partially in Toluene Excellent good

good Poor Dissolved in ketones and esters

good good good

Alkaline Resistance Acid Resistance Cost $/lb

Excellent good

good good

$0.27

$0.27

$1.62

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Processing Properties of Polyvinyls

PVC (rigid) 75 105 C PVC (Flexible) 75 105 C PVB 49 I: 250F 340F C: 280F-320F PVDC 172C I: 300F 400F C: 260F-350F E: 300F-400F

Tmelt Recommended Temp Range (I:Injection, E:Extrusion, C: Compression) Molding Pressure Mold (linear) shrinkage (in/in)

I: 300F 415F I: 320F 385F C: 285F-400F C: 285F - 350F

10-40 kpsi 0.002 0.006

8-25 kpsi 0.010 0.050

0.5-3kpsi

5 - 30 kpsi 0.005 - 0.025

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 PS is one of the oldest known vinyl compounds

PS was produced in 1851 by French chemist M. Berthelot by passing benzene and ethylene through a red-hot-tube (basis for today) Amorphous polymer made from addition polymerization of styrene Homopolymer (crystal): (2.7 M metric tons in 1994) Clear and colorless with excellent optical properties and high stiffness. It is brittle until biaxially oriented when it becomes flexible and durable. Graft copolymer or blend with elastomers- Impact polystyrene (IPS): Tough, white or clear in color, and easily extruded or molded. Properties are dependent upon the elastomer %, but are grouped into medium impact (Izod<1.5 ft-lb), high impact (Izod between 1.5 to 2.4 ft-lb) and super-high impact (Izod between 2.6 and 5 ft-lb) Copolymers include SAN (poly styrene-acrylonitrile), SMA (maleic anhydride), SBS (butadiene), styrene and acrylic copolymers. Expandable PS (EPS) is very popular for cups and insulation foam. EPS is made with blowing agents, such as pentane and isopentane. 39 The properties are dependent upon cell size and cell size distribution

PS Background

Mechanical Properties of PS, ABS, SAN

Mechanical Properties Density, g/cc Tensile Strength, psi Tensile Modulus, psi Tensile Elongation, % Impact Strength
ft-lb/in

PS 1.04 5,000 - 7,200 330K-475K 1.2% - 2.5% 0.35-0.45 M60-75 50 -83 169F - 202F

ABS 1.16-1.21 3,300 - 8,000 320K-400K 1.5%-25% 1.4-12 R100-120 65- 95 190F - 225F

SAN 1.07 10,000 -12,000 475K-560K 2%-3% 0.4-0.6 R83, M80 65-68 214F - 220F

Hardness CLTE 10-6 mm/mm/C HDT 264 psi

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Physical Properties of PS, ABS, SAN

Optical Tmelt Tg H20 Absorption Oxidation Resistance UV Resistance Solvent Resistance PS Transparent 100 C 75 -105C 0.01-0.03% (24h) ABS Transparent 125C 110 -125C 0.2-0.6% (24h) SAN Transparent 120C 120C 0.15-0.25% (24h)

good fair Soluble in Acetone, Benzene, Toluene and Methylene dichloride Excellent Poor: attacked by oxidizing agents $0.41

good fair Soluble in Toluene and Ethylene dichloride, Partially in Benzene Excellent Poor: attacked by oxidizing agents $0.90

good fair Dissolved in ketones and esters

Alkaline Resistance Acid Resistance Cost $/lb

Poor: attacked by oxidizing agents good

$0.87

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Processing Properties of PS, ABS, SAN

Tmelt Recommended Temp Range (I:Injection, E:Extrusion) Molding Pressure Mold (linear) shrinkage (in/in) PS 100 C I: 350F 500F E: 350F- 500F C: 300F - 400F 5 - 20 kpsi 0.004 0.007 ABS 125C I: 380F 500F C: 350F - 500F SAN 120C I: 360F 550F E: 360F -450F C:300F - 400F 5-20 kpsi 0.003 0.005

8-25 kpsi 0.004 0.008

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Section Review
Major Topics Vinyl is a varied group- PVC, PVAc, PVOH, PVDC, PVB. PVC is the leading plastic in Europe and second to PE in the US. PVC is produced by addition polymerization from the vinyl chloride monomer in a head-to-tail alignment. PVC is partially crystalline (syndiotactic) with structural irregularity increasing with the reaction temperature. PVC (rigid) decomposes at 212 F leading to dangerous HCl gas X1 Vinyls have (CH2CX2) repeating link PS is Amorphous and made from addition polymerization PC is amorphous and made from condensation polymerization Effects of reinforcements on PP and PS

43

Homework Questions
6. Four typical Physical Properties of PVC are Optical = _______, Resistance to moisture= ______ , UV resistance= _____, solvent resistance=_______ 7. The Advantages of PP are ________, ________, _______, and __________. 8. The Disadvantages of PP are ________, ________, _______, and __________. 9. Glass fiber affects PP by (strength) ________, (modulus)________, (impact)_______, (density) __________, and (cost) ____________. 10. Two Blends PVC are ___________, and __________.

44

Section Review
Major Topics
Isotactic, atactic, sydiotactic polypropylene definitions Differences between PP and PE Molecular Weight definition and forms (Weight Average, Mw, and Number Average, MA ) Polydispersity definition and meaning Relation between Molecular weight and Degree of Polymerization (DP) Mechanical, physical, and processing properties of PP, Polybutylene, and polymethylpentene PP is produced with linear chains
45

Section Review
Key Terms and Concepts
Polyolefin Molecular weight Number average molecular weight, weight average MW Polydispersity Polymer shrinkage Polymer blends Tensile Modulus Izod Impact Strength
46

Homework Questions
1. Define Polyvinyls, PS, PP, HDPE, chemical structure.

2. Compare the density PVC, PVB, PS, and PVDC which is higher/lower than PP. 3. Compare the density of HDPE, LDPE, UHMWPE, LLDPE to PP? 4. What is the tensile strength of PP with 0%, 30% glass fibers? What is the tensile modulus? 5. Plot tensile strength and tensile modulus of PVC, PS, PP, LDPE and HPDE to look like:

Tensile Strength, 10 Kpsi

50

xHDPE xLDPE 200 500

Tensile Modulus, Kpsi
47

Homework Questions
1. Define Polypropylene chemical structure 2. Does commercial PP have Isotactic, atactic, sydiotactic form. 3. If MW of PP is 200,000, what is the approx. DP? 4. Polydispersity represents the distribution of _______and _____ 5. Density of PP is _____ which is higher/lower than HDPE. 6. PP mechanical properties are higher/lower than LDPE and HDPE 7. Plot tensile strength and tensile modulus of PP, LDPE and HPDE to look like the following
50 xHDPE xLDPE 2 5
Tensile Strength, Kpsi
48

Tensile Modulus, 10 Kpsi

Homework Questions
8. Four typical Physical Properties of PP are Optical = _______, Resistance to moisture= ______ , UV resisance= _____, solvent resistance=_______ 9. The Advantages of PP are ________, ________, _______, and __________. 10. The Disadvantages of PP are ________, ________, _______, and __________. 11. Glass fiber affects PP by (strength) ________, (modulus)________, (impact)_______, (density) __________, and (cost) ____________. 12. Five polyolefins are ________, ________, _______, ______, and __________.

49