INTRODUCTION

AI - Artificial Intelligence What is AI? Problems with definition of AI Main difficulty: What is Intelligence?

AI - Some Definitions
AI is the study of ideas which enable computers to do
the things that make people seem intelligent (Winstons book AI, 1st edition, 1979)

But, what is human intelligence?

Surely: (1) ability to reason (2) ability to learn (acquire and apply new knowledge) (3) ability to communicate ideas (...) creativity, emotions, consciousness, ... ?

AI, problems with definition

Definition of consciousness = ?
Searl: Chinese room argument Ones ability of competent conversation in Chinese
enough to say that he really knows Chinese? Understands, feels Chinese?

Chinese room argument too strong? It practically

makes AI impossible

One view: Who cares? (John Sowa)

Winstons updated definition of AI

AI is the study of the computations that make it

possible to perceive, reason and act (Winstons book on AI, 3rd edition, 1992)

GOALS OF AI (Winston 1992)

Engineering goal:
Solve real-world problems using AI as an armamentarium of ideas about representing knowledge, using knowledge, and assembling systems

Scientific goal:
Determine which ideas about representing knowledge, using knowledge and building systems explain various sorts of intelligence

AI helps us to become more intelligent.

TURING TEST

When can we say that a computer is truly intelligent?

Alan Turing defined a test to decide whether a
computer has achieved intelligence comparable to human: An observer, after 30 min of conversation, cannot distinguish intelligent computer from a human

A definition of AI with reference to Turing test

AI is the enterprise of constructing

a physical symbol system that can reliably pass the Turing test (M. Ginsberg, Essential of Artificial Intelligence, Morgan Kaufmann 1993)

Reference to logic

STRONG vs. WEAK AI

Mainly topic of philosophical discussion (Searl,

Penrose, ...), not of so much interest to AI practitioners

What is strong AI? Ginsbergs definition of AI expresses the spirit of

strong AI by referencing logic

Strong vs. Weak AI, comments by Donald Michie

Spirit of strong AI: By sufficiency of logic crunching

we can program computers to out-think humans.

Spirit of weak AI: Humans dont think logically

anyway; so why not try neural nets, ultra parallelism, or accept that mechanising intelligence is impossible.

Strong vs. Weak AI, comments by Donald Michie, ctd.

Topics missed by strong AI:

visual thinking, sub-cognitive mental skills, explanation as confabulation

... both sides of this debate may find that their

artillery is being wasted on positions that are not so much untenable as abandoned.

AREAS OF AI

Problem solving and search Means-ends planning Knowledge representation Reasoning, inference Knowledge engineering Common sense reasoning Qualitative reasoning, naive physics Machine learning Data mining, knowledge discovery in data bases Neural networks

AREAS OF AI, cont.

Natural language understanding Computer vision Robotics Evolutionary programming: genetic algorithms genetic programming artificial life Simulated annealing

EXAMPLE APPLICATIONS OF AI

Planning and search: production planning,

scheduling, resource allocation, logistics Machine learning: medical diagnosis in various medical domains. Diagnostic accuracy better than physicians. Synthesis of new scientific theories from measured data: automated construction of genetic network theories from genetic experimental data

Breast Cancer Recurrence

Degree of Malig
<3 >= 3

Tumor Size
< 15 >= 15

Involved Nodes
<3 >= 3

Age

no rec 125 recurr 39

no rec 30 recurr 18

recurr 27 no_rec 10

>45
no rec 4 recurr 1 no rec 32 recurr 0

Tree induced by Assistant Professional Interesting: Predictive accuracy of this tree better than medical specialists

PREDICTIVE ACCURACY

Accuracy : probability of correct classification of a

randomly chosen new object

SOME ACCURACY RESULTS

Classifier

Primary Tumour

Breast Cancer

Thyroid

Rheumatology

Naive Bayes
Decision tree Physician

49%
44% 42%

78%
77% 64%

70%
73% 64%

67%
61% 56%

APPLICATION OF AI IN GENETICS
GenePath, a system that helps biologists in functional
genomics research

Collaboration between:
Ljubljana University, Faculty of Computer and Info. Sc. (Zupan, Demar, Juvan, Curk, Bratko) Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (Kuspa, Shaulsky, Halter)

FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS

Determining gene function through genetic

experiments:
- What is the role of each gene in a genome? - How do the genes interact? - How do they influence the phenotype?

One way of modelling these relations: genetic

networks

DICTYOSTELIUM
A simple, but very interesting organism
A social amoeba: Can exist as single cell or multi cell
organism

Has been attracting biologists for long A topic of current research in functional genomics

Also used in this study

Dictyostelium: Time to Move

When food is cleaned,

Dictyostelium

get together and converge in mound. Development: the mounds stretch into slugs, which topple over and crawl away.

Dictyostelium: Aggregation
Experimental Data (7 genes)
Exp # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Genotype wild-type yakApufAgdtBpkaRpkaCacaAregAacaA+ pkaC+ pkaC-, regAyakA-, pufAyakA-, pkaRyakA-, pkaCpkaC-, yakA+ yakA-, pkaC+ yakA-, gdtBAggregation [-, , +, ++] + ++ + ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + ++

Prior Knowledge pkaR acaA pkaC pkaR

Resulting Models for Dictyostelium

yakA regA acaA pufA pkaR yakA regA pufA

pkaC

aggregation

pkaC

aggregation

acaA
yakA regA acaA pufA pkaR yakA acaA

pkaR

pkaC

aggregation

pufA pkaR regA pkaC aggregation

EXAMPLE APPLICATIONS OF AI, ctd.

Machine learning: synthesis of new knowledge from

measured data - ecological modelling (Lagoon of Venice, Lake Glumsoe, Lake Bled) Learning to predict river water quality from organisms living in river Learning to predict deer population in a forest Predicting biodegradability of chemicals

EXAMPLE APPLICATIONS: Learning to predict weather

E.g. learn to predict temperature at noon next day Students project 2001/2 (abkar, Vrabec, Indihar),
data from Environment Agency Take measured weather data and Aladins predictions, improve on Aladins prediction

PREDICTION OF OZONE CONCENTRATION

Learn with ML to predict ozone concentration on the

basis of measured air and weather parameters (Ljubljana,Nova Gorica; Zabkar et al. 2004) Meteorological Agency required to issue these forecasts by European regulations

SAVINJA NAPOVEDOVANJE POPLAV

Hudournik teko napovedovati pretok, e

posebno ekstremne vrednosti, ki pomenijo poplave => cilj: izboljati napovedni model Trenutno je v uporabi numerini model HBV, ki ne daje dobrih rezultatov (hidrologi: pomemben vhod so napovedi padavin, ki pa so slabe!) HBV: aplikacija splonega modela na konkretno domeno Na pristop: Uporaba podatkov doloene domene za induciranje specifinega modela

EXAMPLE APPLICATIONS OF AI, ctd.

Machine learning in mechanical engineering:
prediction of surface roughness from acoustic data in machining Machine learning in textile industry: prediction of mechanical properties of thread from material mixture used in weaving Learning to predict aesthetic appearance of clothes Behavioural cloning: Reconstructing sub-cognitive skills from behaviour data Data mining in marketing: determining target population for advertisement

Vizualizacija podatkov v sistemu za strojno uenje ORANGE

Nova vizualizacijska metodo, imenovana VizRank, iz

podatkov avtomatsko poie zanimive tokovne geometrijske vizualizacije. Vizrank za ocenjevanje vizualizacij in hevristino preiskovanje prostora monih vizualizacij uporablja metode strojnega uenja. Aplikacije metode VizRank na podroju bioinformatike (lanek v reviji Bioinformatics, IF=6.7, januar 2005) ter analize genskih izrazov rakastih tkiv (v 2005 dva prispevka s tega podroja na odlinih konferencah AIME in KDD, lanek za revijo je v pripravi).

Levkemija; nakljuni scatterplot

Levkemija, Vizrank scatterplot

Genetski algoritem za optimizacijo procesnih parametrov

Optimiranje parametrov v ulivanju jekla. Za ve

primerov jekel v elezarnah Acroni in Ruukki Steel (Finska) smo izboljali nastavitve procesnih parametrov, predvsem pretokov hladil.

OZON NAPOVEDOVANJE KONCENTRACIJE

Evropski predpisi: obvezno napovedovanje

koncentracije ozona Napovedovanje koncentracije ozona v LJ in NG (Q2 uenje) in model za razlago procesov nastajanja O3. Izhodie: zapleteni meteoroloki in kemijski procesi pri nastajanju ozona ni napovednega modela zelo pomembni lokalni dejavniki

Napovedni model
Atributi (napovedi modela ALADIN in meritve ekolokih
parametrov):
MAXNO (max. konc. duikovega oksida v zadnjem dnevu), Ssum015LJ (vsota napovedi sonnega sevanja do 15h v LJ), Tavg915LJ (povpreje napovedi temperature med 9h in 15h, v LJ)

Nekateri evropski projekti v Laboratoriu za umetno inteligenco FRI

ASPIC, Argumentation Services Platform with

Integrated Components

XMEDIA, Knowledge Sharing and Reuse across

Media

XPERO, Learning by Experimentation

XMEDIA Consortium


University of Sheffield, Shef, Prof. Fabio Ciravegna, Dr. Mark Stevenson, Dr. Daniela Petrelli 2Centre for Research and Technology, Hellas, CERTH Dr. Yannis Avrithis CognIT a.s CognIT Dr. Robert Engels Instituto Trentino Di Cultura ITC-Irst Dott. Alberto Lavelli Universitaet Koblenz-Landau KOB Prof. Steffen Staab Laboratoire Bordelais Recherche en Informatique, Labri, Prof. Jenny Benois-Pineau Ontoprise GmbH Intelligente, Losungen fur das Wissensmanagement, Ontoprise Prof. Juergen Angele Open University, OU, Prof. Enrico Motta Quinary Spa, Quinary, Dott. Luca Gilardoni Rolls Royce plc, RR, Dr. Ian Jennions University of Freiburg, UFrei, Prof. Lars Schmidt-Thieme Universitat Karlsruhe, UKarl, Prof. Rudi Studer, Mr. Philip Cimiano Faculty of Computer and Information Science, University of Ljubljana, UL Prof. Ivan Bratko Centro Ricerche Fiat, Societa Consortile per Azior, C.R.F., Fiat, Ing. Marialuisa Sanseverino Solcara Limited Solcara, Mr. Ray Jackson

XPERO: Robot gaining insights

A definition of insight in the spirit of XPERO:
an insight is a new piece of knowledge that makes it possible to simplify the current agents theory about its environment

Examples of insights are discoveries of notions like: absolute coordinate system, arithmetic operations, notion of gravity, notion of support between objects ...