Kohlberg: Preconventional

(Naïve instrumental orientation)

“You scratch my back, I’ll scratch

yours”
 PRECONVENTIONAL LEVEL

• Stage 2
• Age Group : 4-7 years
• Description of morality:
– Individualism- Hedonism
– Child carries out actions to satisfy
own needs rather than society’s.
– The child does something for another
if that person does something for him
in return- “an eye for an eye’
 CONVENTIONAL LEVEL
(level 2)
• Stage 3
• Age Group : 7-10 years
• Description of morality:
– Orientation to interpersonal
relations of mutuality-
CONFORMITY
– A child follows rules because of a
need to be a good person in own
eyes and in the eyes of others
– “Good boy or Good girl”
 Kohlberg: Moral -
Conventional
Before age 9
• Strict superego
• Rule dominance
• Things are black
or white
After age 9
• Recognizes
differing points of
view
 CONVENTIONAL LEVEL
(level 2)

• Stage 4
• Age Group : 10-12 years
• Description of morality:
– Maintenance of social order, fixed
rules and authority
– Child FOLLOWS RULES of authority
figures as well as parents to keep the
system working
– LAW and ORDER
 POSTCONVENTIONAL LEVEL
(level 3)

• Stage 5
• Age Group : 12 and above
• Description:
– social contract, utilitarian law
making perspective
– child FOLLOWS STANDARDS OF
SOCIETY for the good of all people
 POSTCONVENTIONAL LEVEL
(level 3)
• Stage 6
• Age :older than 12
• Descriptions:
– universal ethical principle
orientation
– Respect and dignity of humanity
Fowler’s Theory of Spiritual
Development
 Spiritual Development- Fowler

Stage Age Group Description

Undifferentiated 0-3 years No concept

Intuitive-Projective 4-6 years Imaginations

Mythic-literal 7-12 years Stories and Myths

Synthetic-Conventional Adolescent Expectations

Individuating-reflective Adult- after One’s system

18
Paradoxical- Adult- after Various viewpoints
consolidating 30
UNIVERSALIZING MAYBE Love and justice
never
 Fowler's Stages of Spiritual Development
Stage
0 Undifferentiated
1 Intuitive-projective
2 Mythic-literal
3 Synthetic-conventional
4 Individuating-reflexive
5 Paradoxical- consolidative
6 Universalizing
Age Description
0 to 3 years Infant unable to formulate
concepts about self or the
environment
4 to 6 years A combination of images and
beliefs given by trusted others,
mixed with the child’s own
experience and imagination.
7 to 12 years Private world of fantasy and
wonder; symbols refer to
something specific; dramatic
stories and myths used to
communicate spiritual meanings.
Adolescent or adult World and ultimate environment
structured by the expectations
and judgments of others;
interpersonal focus
After 18 years Constructing one’s own explicit
system; high degree of self-
consciousness
After 30 years Awareness of truth from a variety
of viewpoints.
Maybe never Becoming an incarnation of the
principles of love and justice.
Havighurst’s Theory of
Developmental Tasks
 Havighurst Developmental
Task
• Babyhood/early childhood
• Learning to take solid foods
• Learning to walk, talk, read
• Learning to control defecation
• Learning sexual differences
• Learning right/wrong-beginning
consciousness
 Late childhood
• Physical skills (ordinary games)
• Wholesome attitude
• Study/play along with age mates
• Sexual identity
• Fundamental skills
• Conscious and personal
independence
 Adolescence
• Matured roles of both sexes
• Masculine/feminine roles
• Accepting own’s body
• Socially responsible behavior
• Independence from parents
• Prepare for economic career,
marriage, family life,ideology
 Early adult
• Start occupation
• Select a mate
• Live with marriage partner
• Start family
• Rearing children
• Manage home
• Civic responsibility
• Finding congenial group
 Middle adult
• Adult and civic responsibility
• Adjustment to changes of middle
ages and aging parents
• Assist teen-agers to become
responsible adults
• Reaching and maintain a satisfactory
career
 Old Age
• Adjusting to decreasing
physical
strength,retirement,less
income and death of spouse
• Adapting to social roles,
physical arrangements and
affiliation to members of same
age
Death Concepts (Kozier)
 Death Concepts (Kozier)
AGE Beliefs
Infancy to 3 years NO clear concept of Death
old It is Reversible, temporary sleep
3 years to 4 years
5 to 9 years Understands DEATH is FINAL but can be
AVOIDED
9-12 years Death is INEVITABLE, everyone will die
someday
Understands own mortality
12-18 years Fears a lingering Death
18-45 Attitude is influenced by religion
45-65 years Experiences peak of death anxiety

65 and above Death as multiple meanings

 Child’s Response to Death
1. Infants and toddlers - toddlers may
insist on seeing a significant other long
after that person’s death.
2. Preschoolers - may see death as
temporary; a type of sleep or separation.
3. School-age – See death as a period of
immobility.
- Feel death is punishment.
4. Adolescents - Have an accurate
understanding of death.
 Newborn-1 month:
raised head when prone;
turns head from side to side;
cooing
 2 months:
shed tears; social smile;
eyes follows object; coos
 3 months:
raised head; palmar reflex fades;
 3 months:
Palmar reflex fades
 4 months:
raised head and chest;
laughs loud
 4 months:
moro reflex fade;
 4 months:
Extrusion reflex fade
 5 months:
rolls from abdomen to back;
babble with vowel sounds; raking grasp;
grasp object voluntarily
 6 months:
sits with support; dentition begins; 2x BW;
rolls from back to abdomen
 6 months:
dentition begins
Schedule of Primary Tooth
Eruption

ERUPTION LOWER UPPER

Central incisor 6 months 7 ½ months
Lateral incisor 7 months 9 months
First molar 12 months 14 months
Cuspid 16 months 18 months
Second molar 20 months 24 months
Schedule of Permanent Tooth
eruption

Eruption Age
First molar 5 ½ - 6 years
Medial incisor 6 – 7 years
Lateral incisor 7 – 8 years
Cuspid 10 -12 years
Bicuspid 10 -11 years
First molar 11 – 12 years
Second molar 12 – 13 years
 7 months:
crawls and sits alone
 7 months:
parachute reflex begins
 8 months:
peak stranger anxiety
 8 months:
loves to watch self in front of a mirror
9 months:
creeps
 9 months:
holds bottle steadily;
pulls self to stand
10 months:
pincer grasp
11 months: attempts to walk
 12 months:
BW 3x; walks with minimal support;
drinks from a cup; Babinski reflex fades
Developmental Growth for the first
year of life
• 1 month age – regards
• 2 months age – smiles
• 3 months age – turns head
• 4 months age – holds head
• 5 months age – rolls over
• 6 months age – transfers objects
• 7 months age – sits briefly
Developmental Growth for the first
year of life
• 8 months age – creeps
• 9 months age – pulls up
• 10 months age – cruises
• 11 months age – walks with support
• 12 months age – stands alone
 Quiz 1
• 1-2 differentiate growth & development
• 3-5. give 3 principles of G & D and give an
example of each principle
• 6. a reaction pattern that means the
ability to change one’s reaction to stimuli
over time
• 7. it is a reaction pattern which means
the ability to remain interested in an
activity
• 8. fixation at this task according to Freud
includes smoking and alcoholism
• 9. the major skill to be achieved during the Anal
stage is?

• 10. This conflict refers to the male child’s

attraction to his mother during the preschool
years.

• 11. at this stage, sexual energies are repressed

and directed to intellectual activities.

• 12. what is the major concept developed during

infancy that is associated with the pleasure
principle?

• 13. The psychosocial task of a toddler is?

• 14. The genital stage is observed at the age range

of?