Basic Radiology

Yuyun Yueniwati Radiology Department Faculty of Medicine Brawijaya University Saiful Anwar Hospital Malang 2008

Radiology is the medical specialty directing medical imaging technologies to diagnose and treat diseases. Originally electromagnetic energy emitted by X-ray machines or other such radiation devices. Modern day technology-intensive imaging :
high frequency sound waves magnetic fields Radioactivity

Radiology that involves use of x-ray is called Roentgenology

X-radiation / X rays

8 November 1895

Wilhelm Conrad Rntgen

Nobel Prize for Physics for the discovery of X-rays in 1901

1.

Diagnostic radiology dx & px

Chest radiology Abdominal & Pelvic radiology Intervensional Radiology Neuroradiology Pediatric radiology Musculoskeletal radiology Mammography and Women's Imaging Nuclear Medicine Ultrasonography

2.

Therapeutic radiology (Radiotherapy)

Used for evaluation of bony structures and soft tissues .

Film-Screen Radiography Computed Radiography (CR) Digital Radiography

Radiation which has passed through a patient then strikes a cassette containing a screen of fluorescent phosphors and exposes x-ray film Areas of film exposed to higher amounts of radiation will appear as black or grey on Xray film while areas exposed to less radiation will appear lighter or white

The x-rays passing through the patient strike a sensitized plate which is then read and digitized into a computer image by a separate machine

The x-rays strike a plate of x-ray sensors producing a digital computer image directly

Chest X Ray

Plain abdomen X Ray

Fluoroscopy and angiography are special applications of X-ray imaging, in which a fluorescent screen or image intensifier tube is connected to a closed-circuit television system. This allows real-time imaging of structures in motion or augmented with a radiocontrast .

CT imaging uses X-rays in conjunction with computing algorithms to image the body. In CT, an X-ray generating tube opposite an Xray detector (or detectors) in a ring shaped apparatus rotate around a patient producing a computer generated cross-sectional image (tomogram) CT is acquired in the axial plane, while coronal and sagittal images can be rendered by computer reconstruction

Ultrasound (high-frequency sound waves) to visualize soft tissue structures in the body in real time No ionizing radiation is involved, but the quality of the images obtained using ultrasound is highly dependent on the skill of the person (ultrasonographer) performing the exam

MRI uses strong magnetic fields to align spinning atomic nuclei (usually hydrogen protons) within body tissues, then uses a radio signal to disturb the axis of rotation of these nuclei and observes the radio frequency signal generated as the nuclei return to their baseline states plus all surrounding areas

Nuclear medicine imaging involves the administration into the patient of radiopharmaceuticals consisting of substances with affinity for certain body tissues labeled with radioactive tracer The most commonly used tracers are Technetium-99m, Iodine-123, Iodine-131, Gallium-67 and Thallium-201

Utilizes radiation to treat cancer and other diseases It is also known as radiation oncology