TELECOMMUNICATI ON SWITCHING

Submitted by Syed Muhammad Zaidi

Submitted to S.E EWSD PTCL Multan

Telecommunication
Telecommunication is the assisted transmission of signals over a distance for the purpose of communication.

Switching
The

equipments and techniques for enabling any station in a communications system to be connected with any other station..

Switching Switching is an essential component of telephone, telegraph, dataprocessing, and other technologies Switching may be performed by electronic,optical, or electromechanical devices.
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Telecomm Components

Subscriber Devices attached to network Local Loop Subscriber loop Connection to network Exchange Switching centers End offices Trunks Branches between exchanges Multiplexed

Switching

Any subscriber line can request a connection to any other line or trunk. The Switching Network must allow for these connections to be established and removed.

General Principles of Switching

Mass communication: communication from few to many, requires:

one way communication path

Point-to-point communication: from one communicator to another, requires:

Both-way communications and rapid reconfiguration of transmission path

Point to point lines

If we could have point to point lines between all s and all receivers, then we would not need switch
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Imagine point to point lines between all pairs of people:

# of people of lines 2 1 3 3 10 45 100 4950 1000 0.5 million In general, for n people, # of lines

Need for Switching

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Lines or wires from everybody's house go into the switch When a call is placed, the switch creates a temporary link between these lines.

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Switch
Amir Mubashir

As if

Zia Z ia

Abid Umar Kha Khalid lid

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TYPICAL CONNECTIVITY OF A SUBSCRIBER

Subscrib er Office

D P

D C

MD F

TELEPHO NE EXCHANG E

OUTSIDE PLANT/COPPER NETWORK

INSIDE PLANT/CENTRAL OFFICE

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Telephony Equipment

Telephone Set PABX

Advanced features and call routing Tens to hundreds of telephone handsets

Central Office (CO) or Exchange

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CO Stages in Equipment

Manual switching: All telephone lines terminate in a jack, patch cord used to connect parties Automatic switching:

Electromechanical

step-by-step switching (Strowger switch) cross-bar switching (common control)

Computer-controlled switching

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Basic Call Progress On Hook

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Basic Call Progress Off Hook

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Basic Call Progress -Dialing

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Basic Call Progress -Switching

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Basic Call Process -Ringing

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Basic Call Process -Talking

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Analog Signaling Supervisory Signaling

Loop Start

Almost All Telephones Current Flow Sensed Momentary Ring Lead

Ground Start

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Loop Start

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Normal Signal Flow

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Switching Systems

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.
To get attention of the operator was a small hand- cranked AC generator or magneto at subscriber end Produced about 90 V ac, at 20 Hz frequency.

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Classification of switching system

Switching System

manual

Automatic

Electomechanical

Electroic (Stored program control)

Strowger or step-by-step

Crossbar

Space division switching Time division switching

Digital

Analog
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Space switch

Time switch

Combination switch

Strowger Switch

A step by step (SXS) system performing switching in two dimensions (horizontal and vertical) Switching action is a direct result of the dial pulses generated by the rotary telephone set. Example a 10,000 lines SXS central office switch.

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Strowger Switch Operation

When a caller goes off-hook, current is detected in the sub. Loop and preselector switch become active. The preselector switch advances to a level that seizes an idle line and sends a dial tone to the subscriber. In step by step, the talk path is established as digits are dialed. Say party now dials 5831. When 5 is dialed, the resulting electrical pulses causes the electromechanical relay of a selector switch to step in the vertical direction to a level equal to 5.

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Strowger Switch Operation

The wiper then advances step by step, in the horizontal direction, until it seizes an idle line available on the next selector switch. An 8 is dialed, and the procedure is repeated. The connection is further advanced to final destination.

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Strowger Switch Operation

The final selector is capable of handling last two digits When 3,1 are dialed, the final selector switch is advances vertically to the third level and horizontally to the first position. The called party at 5831 is tested for a busy condition and the ring potential is applied if the party is idle. Once the party answers, the lines are further supervised till the termination of the call.

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Strowger Switch-Example

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Negative Stepper Properties

High maintenance cost Slow mechanical operation

Slow signaling

Cant take full advantage of CCS7 and other electronic signaling systems

Big and bulky

Digital switches use ~1/50th the floor space of steppers; ~1/10th the floor space of crossbar switches.

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Common Control Switch

In common control signaling, the dialed digits are collected and stored until all the digits are dialed. The digits necessary to determine the talk paths connections within the callers central office are handled locally and remaining digits are retransmitted to the next office involved in the call.

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Common Control Switch

Clear separation between control and switching network of manual switching reestablished Control apparatus only used to set up and terminate calls General principle of common control switches still used in electronic switching today

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Crossbar switch

Introduced in 1917 The switches are electromechanically activated and rely on moving parts. The switch contains sets of contact points or cross-points with three to six individual contacts per set. Magnets cause vertical and horizontal bars to cross each other and make coordinates determined by the numbers dialed. Each switch typically has either 100 or 200 crosspoints.

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Electronic Switching Systems

ESS No. 1:

Computer control/stored program control (SPC) Analog Relay switching, using sealed contact reed switches Can handle 10000 to 70000 lines. Capable of handling 1000 to 10,000 lines Attractiveness lies in providing reliable services to smaller communities at an economical cost. Also fully operational at a remote site Up gradation from DTL to RTL increasing the speed and reducing the size of control circuitry,

ESS No.2

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Electronic Switching Systems

ESS No.3

Bipolar LSI ROMs for micro program control. SPC executed from a unique set of microinstructions stored in ROM Designed for small offices and small cities of 100 to 100 subscribers. First all-electronic exchange with digital technology employed in its computerized control and switching matrix. Over 10,00 trunks can be handled using a combination of TDM and SDM.
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ESS No. 4:

Electronic Switching Systems

ESS No.5

Most advanced and versatile Capable of serving 100,00 to 1,000 subscribers. Relies heavily on LSI Software technology incorporated to permit rapid addition of new technology with the advancements in hardware. Some facilities:

Call forwarding, Call waiting, call within, Speed call, Three way calling, Caller ID etc.
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Origins of digital switching

Stored Program Control Switches (1970+) i.e. Digital Switches Utilize a CPU for controlling most switching operations
Few moving parts More maintenance free and efficient Allow significant flexibility of service (programs can be stored and executed for each subscriber : Call blocking Repeat last call Reminder calls Call diversion
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ACCESS

SWITCHI NG NETWOR K

CONTROL

DL U L T G DA S S N

CC G

SY P C P

MB

POWER SUPPLY SYSTE M

SIGNALLING

POW ER SUPP LY

C7/S S7

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TYPICAL SWITCH

A digital exchange (Nortel DMS-100) used by an operator to offer local and long distance services
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ACCESS

SWITCHI NG NETWOR K

CONTROL

DL U L T G DA S S N

CC G

SY P C P

MB

POWER SUPPLY SYSTE M

SIGNALLING

POW ER SUPP LY

C7/S S7

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TYPICAL SWITCH

Switching Technology

Circuit Switching (CS)

Need a connection establishment between end nodes. Connection is maintained until one of end nodes terminates. Connection is dedicated to the communication between two nodes. Reduces the number and the total length of the links Example : Public Switch Telephone Network (PSTN)

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Switching Technology

Packet Switching (Virtual Circuit and Datagram)

Data are transmitted in short messages called packets. A connection between the two end-nodes is not maintained. A node-to-node link can be dynamically shared by many packets. Example : Public Data Network (PDN) likes X.25, Frame Relay.

Message Switching (MS) Cell Switching (ATM)

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National Telecommunications Network

Primary Center (Local Network/Primary Trunk Switching Centers) Secondary Center (Trunk network/Regional Tandem Switching Centers) Tertiary Center (National Tandem Exchanges/Tertiary Trunk Switching Centers)

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Terminology

North American

British

1 Customers Loop
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Central Office End Office Class 5 Office Inter Office Trunk Junctor Toll Office Toll Network

1 Local Network/Access Network 2 Exchange 3 Local Exchange

5 6 7 8 Junction Trunk Trunk exchange Trunk Network

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Regulations

Different countries have used different methods to regulate the telecommunication business. In most countries the telecommunication monopoly has been controlled by state ownership like PTA in Pakistan.

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Standards
International Communications Union (ITU)

The work of ITU is carried out through two main bodies: The ITU Telecommunication Sector (ITU-T) Its duties include the study of technical questions, operating methods and tariffs for telephony, telegraphy and data communications The ITU Radio Communication Sector (ITUR) It studies all technical and operating questions relating to radio communications including point to point communications, mobile services and broadcasting. Associated with it is the International Frequency Registration Board (IFRB), which regulates the assignment of radio frequencies to prevent interference between different transmissions
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