TELETRAFFIC

Some Basic Definitions

Busy Hour
The hour of the day when traffic is at its greatest. It may not exactly an hour. Here hour describes a specific amount of time. Its different for different area, location or environment. It may be any occasion or festival for instance Eid, Christmas or Boxing day etc. It could be a duration of cricket or football match. or simply it could be a lunch break.

Traffic Unit
Traffic is measure in Erlangs denoted by E named after A K Erlang (Danish). If Q calls of average duration T occur during time t, then the traffic (A) is given by A = Q . T / t Erlangs t and T are measured in the same units. During a particular period of time (say, an hour) a user generates 1E of traffic if they use the phone continuously. If they only use the phone 10% of the time they generate 0.1E of traffic. If there are 100 users, on average using the phone 10% of the time each, then the total traffic generated is 10E Let T = average calling time in minutes. Hence the offered traffic load is given by A = Q.T / 60 Erlangs

Grade of Service (GoS)

It is a measure of the probability of NOT getting a connection at all. If the grade of service is adequate at the busy hour, then it will be better during the remainder of the day i.e. smaller. e.g. If the grade of service B= .005, then one call in 200 would be lost because of insufficient equipment.

Issues in planning a cellular system

Available spectrum is limited. How many mobiles can be served at an acceptable grade of service???

Challenge - for a given bandwidth

maximise the number of customers with an acceptable grade of service

BLOCKING PROBABILITY
Is the probability of call being blocked or the probability that user gets NETWORK BUSY tone. Blocking Probability , B, is given by

B = { A / N! } / { A / 0! + A / 1! + A / 3 4 5 N 2! + A / 3! + A / 4! + A / 5! + . A / N!}

BLOCKING PROBABILITY Cntd....

For example, if N = 5 and the offered traffic A = 1.66 E, then the blocking probability is given by B = { 1.66.5 / 5! } / { 1.660 / 0! + 1.661 / 1! + 1.662 / 2! + 1.663 / 3! + 1.664 / 4! + 1.665 / 5! } = 0.02 % These values are available in tabular form e.g. Erlang B Table

Example 1
Let Q = maximum calls per hour in one cell = 3000 T = average calling time = 1.76 minutes B = blocking probability = 2% Then the offered traffic, A, is given by A = Q T / 60 Now find No of Channels required ???/

Example 1 Cntd..........
Solution: A= 3000 x 1.76 / 60 or 88 Erlangs. B = 2% Hence from Erlang B Table, the maximum number of channels, N , is given by N = 100.

Example 2
Q = maximum calls per hour in one cell = 28000 T = average calling time = 1.76 minutes B = blocking probability = 2%

How many radio channels are needed?

Example 2 Cntd..........
Solution:
the offered traffic, A, is given by A = Q T / 60 = 28000 x 1.76 / 60 = 821 Erlangs. B = 2% From the Erlang B tables, this corresponds to 820 channels.

Example 3
How many customers can be served with 666 voice channels if all the channels are used in a) a single cell, and b) Multiple cells (e.g 4, 7, )? Assume a blocking probability of 0.02. Let the average duration of each call be 1.76 minutes. Consider the advantages and disadvantages of single and multiple cell operation. How many cells per cluster are really needed ?

Solution : 3
Single Cell Call duration = 1.76 minutes Number of channels = 666 Blocking probability = 0.02 How many calls per hour can be handled? Hence the traffic offered , an Erlangs, is given by A = Q (calls/hour) x 1.76 / 60 From Erlang B tables, for 2 % blocking Channels offered traffic 600 587.2 700 688.2 Hence for 666 channels, A = 66/100 x (688.2 - 587.2) + 587.2 Erlangs Hence Q = A x 60 / 1.76 = 22 291 calls / hour

Solution : 3 Cntd.....
Seven Cells per Cluster
Call duration = 1.76 minutes Number of channels per cell ( 7 cells / cluster) = 666 / 7 = 95 Blocking probability = 0.02 From Erlang B tables this corresponds to A = 83.1 E Hence Q = 83.1 x 60 / 1.76 or 2833 calls per hour. Hence the total number of calls per cluster is given by 2833 x 7 or 19831 calls / hour. This is smaller than the total number of calls handled by a single cell with 666 channels.

Solution : 3 Cntd.....
Four Cells per Cluster If we use 4 cells per cluster, the total number of calls per cluster can be shown to be 20809 calls /hour. i.e. number of cells/cluster calls / hour 1 22291 4 20809 7 19831

Solution : 3 Cntd.....
So what is the advantage of dividing an area into smaller cells? The cell pattern can be repeated in order to increase the total number of calls that can be handled. For instance, if the single cell is subdivided into a 7 cell pattern 4 times, then the number of calls per hour per cell is equal to 2833 (N=666, B=0.02). Thus for the whole area, the number of calls is given by 2833 x 7 x 4 = 79324 calls / hour.

Solution : 3 Cntd.....
What are the disadvantages of this method ? need more processing more hand-offs more infrastructure costs for cells sites etc. need to address the issue of co-channel interference from other cell clusters

How is the value of C / I specified ?

Subjective telephony tests Subjects rated the quality of simulated and actual mobile telephone channels subjected to the rapid Rayleigh fading encountered in UHF mobile communications. APMS test result show that for an RF C / N of 18 dB, most listeners consider the channel to be good or excellent. Hence C / N must be greater than or equal to 18 dB. Similarly listeners opinions on transmission quality in the presence of co-channel interference showed that the ratio of carrier to co-channel interference ( C / I ) must be greater than or equal to 17dB.

Mathematical Relation of C/I & Number of Channel

Now if C/I is given how to find number of channels, mathematically ??? Come on guyzzz now at least this should be done by yourself !!!!!

Here is the answer

Let C / I = 18 dB Let a (propagation constant) be equal to 4. Then 18/10 -a 10 =1/{6(D/R) } Thus 2 1/2 ( D / R ) = { 6 x 10 18/10 } Hence D / R = 4.4.1 Now D / R is also given by 1/2 D/R=(3N) Hence N = 6.5 or 7 i.e. 7 cells per cluster are needed to satisfy the carrier to interference requirements.